XVI. yüzyılda Konya kazasında su değirmenleri ve bezirhaneler
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Tarih
2014
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İnsanoğlunun her dönemde en önemli besin kaynağı olan buğdayın ekmek olarak sofralarda tüketilebilmesi öncelikle un haline dönüştürülmesiyle mümkün olmuştur. Bunun için coğrafya ve iklim koşullarına göre değişen farklı değirmenler kullanılmıştır. Değirmenler insan, hayvan, rüzgâr, su ve elektrikle çalışanlar olmak üzere teknolojik bir devrim geçirmiştir. Modern öncesi dönemin küçük sanayi tesisleri olarak adlandırabileceğimiz değirmenler, Osmanlı devletinde çalışma şekillerine göre su, sel, ding ve yel olmak üzere dört gruba ayrılmakla birlikte, var olan değirmenlerin ekseriyeti su ile çalışanlardır. Konya kazası özelinde bölgedeki değirmenlerin neredeyse tamamı âsiyâb denilen su değirmenleridir. Konya'daki değirmenler su kaynaklarının mevcudiyeti doğrultusunda Meram ve havalisi başta olmak üzere Konya, Hatunsaray, Sudiremi ve Saidili nahiyelerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Her köyde değirmen bulunmadığından köylüler kendilerine en yakın değirmenin bulunduğu köy/lere doğru sürekli bir hareket içerisinde olmuşlardır. Bu durum, kırsal bölgelerdeki yol ağının ve sosyal hareketliliğin hazırlamıştır. etrafında değirmenler şekillenmesine de zemin hazırlamıştır. Değirmenler üzerinde kuruldukları su kaynaklarının mahiyetine göre 6 ay veya yıl boyu çalışabildikleri gibi daha az süre ile de faal olabilmekteydiler. Bu değirmenler resm-i âsiyâb adı altında, ayda 5 akçe hesabı üzerinden vergilendirilirken, harap veya battal durumda olanlar ise herhangi bir vergilendirmeye tabi tutulmamışlardır. Aynı su yatağı üzerinde kurulacak olan yeni değirmenlerin eskilerine zarar vermemelerine dikkat edilmiş, bunun için iki değirmen arasındaki mesafenin yaklaşık 500 m. olması istenilmiştir. XVI. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren değirmenlerin ekseriyetinin 6 ay ve üzerinde çalıştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu dönemde çalışan değirmenlerin tamamı zamanla yok olmuş, ayakta kalanlar ise sonraki dönemlerde yapılmışlardır. Değirmenciler öğüttükleri buğdaydan 1/30 oranında değirmenci hakkı alırlarken bu oran zamanla 1/20'ye kadar çıkmıştır.
Wheat is always the most important nutrition source for mortality. For its consumption as bread on boards, it had to be converted to flour. Hence different mills were used. This using changed according to climate or geography. Mills can work with human, animal, water, wind and electricity. And they have evolved technologicaly. Before the modern times, they could be added as small industry installations. In Ottoman Empire they were divided four groups according to the their working. These were water, flood, ding and wind. But many of them worked by water. In Konya kaza nearly all of them worked by water. They were added as “âsiyâb”. Mills in Konya condensed Meram and its neighbours, Konya, Hatunsaray, Sudiremi and Saidili nahiyes. The water supplies were very important for this current state. There were no mills all of the village. So peasants moved the other villages which had the mills. For this, the road networks and social relations in rural areas were formed around the mills. Mills could be active for six months or a year or less time. In this stiuation, the bills’ water sources of quality are very important. These mills were taxed as the name of resm-i âsiyâb. Their price were five akçe per months. Ramshackle and extinct mills were not taxed. It was watched out the new mills which was founded on the same water and they were wanted to damage from new ones to the old ones. For this, it was wanted that, the distance between two mills had to about 500 m. Since the middle of XVI. century; ıt was fixed that most of the mills work for six months and above six months. All of the mills which worked this time vanished. The vestiges were built in next times. While the millers participated the portion whose rate 1/30, after that this portion was 1/20
Wheat is always the most important nutrition source for mortality. For its consumption as bread on boards, it had to be converted to flour. Hence different mills were used. This using changed according to climate or geography. Mills can work with human, animal, water, wind and electricity. And they have evolved technologicaly. Before the modern times, they could be added as small industry installations. In Ottoman Empire they were divided four groups according to the their working. These were water, flood, ding and wind. But many of them worked by water. In Konya kaza nearly all of them worked by water. They were added as “âsiyâb”. Mills in Konya condensed Meram and its neighbours, Konya, Hatunsaray, Sudiremi and Saidili nahiyes. The water supplies were very important for this current state. There were no mills all of the village. So peasants moved the other villages which had the mills. For this, the road networks and social relations in rural areas were formed around the mills. Mills could be active for six months or a year or less time. In this stiuation, the bills’ water sources of quality are very important. These mills were taxed as the name of resm-i âsiyâb. Their price were five akçe per months. Ramshackle and extinct mills were not taxed. It was watched out the new mills which was founded on the same water and they were wanted to damage from new ones to the old ones. For this, it was wanted that, the distance between two mills had to about 500 m. Since the middle of XVI. century; ıt was fixed that most of the mills work for six months and above six months. All of the mills which worked this time vanished. The vestiges were built in next times. While the millers participated the portion whose rate 1/30, after that this portion was 1/20
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Değirmen Taşı, Değirmen Vergisi, Bezirhane, Mill Stone, Mill Tax, Miller
Kaynak
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
9
Sayı
1
Künye
Yörük, D. (2014). XVI. Yüzyılda Konya Kazasında Su Değirmenleri ve Bezirhaneler. Turkish Studies (Elektronik), 9(1), 637-655.
