Yetkin, Mevlütİnal, CevatYiğit, Cemal Özer2020-03-262020-03-262009Yetkin, M., Yetkin, M., Yiğit, C. Ö., (2009). Use of the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Second Order Design of Levelling Networks. Journal of Applied Geodesy, (3), 171-178. Doi: 10.1515/JAG.2009.0181862-9016https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/JAG.2009.018https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12395/24216The weight problem in geodetic networks can be dealt with as an optimization procedure. This classic problem of geodetic network optimization is also known as second-order design. The basic principles of geodetic network optimization are reviewed. Then the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to a geodetic levelling network in order to solve the second-order design problem. PSO, which is an iterative-stochastic search algorithm in swarm intelligence, emulates the collective behaviour of bird flocking, fish schooling or bee swarming, to converge probabilistically to the global optimum. Furthermore, it is a powerful method because it is easy to implement and computationally efficient. Second-order design of a geodetic levelling network using PSO yields a practically realizable solution. It is also suitable for non-linear matrix functions that are very often encountered in geodetic network optimization. The fundamentals of the method and a numeric example are given.en10.1515/JAG.2009.018info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessgeodetic network optimizationglobal optimizationParticle swarm optimizationsecond-order designstochastic optimizationArticle3171178Q2