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    Pedogenic evaluation and chemical weathering rates of soils developed along an altitudinal transect
    (Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020) Alsalam, Omar Tareq Abdulmajeed; Şeker, Cevdet
    Elevation is an important factor affecting the climate and plays an important role in controlling rates of weathering and soil formation. Turkey is a country characterized different elevations, regardless of the type of climate, climatic features in mountainous areas, especially high mountainous regions, vary widely according to their environment. For this purpose, four representative profiles were dug at different elevations. The transect of four soils formed in elevation from 1139 to 1809 m, and soil samples were taken from each horizon for morphological, chemical, physical, geochemical and mineralogical analyzes. The index of soil Chemical Alteration Index (CIA), Chemical Weathering Index (CIW), Parker Weathering Index (WIP), Plagioclase Alteration Index (PIA), The Mineralogical Index of Alteration (MIA), Mass balance, A-CN-K diagrams, some genetic ratios and mineralogical characteristics are used to compare the pedogenic processes for the climate depending on different elevations. Climosequene attributes significantly affected Soil Taxonomic Classes. More developed soils were formed at lower elevations of 1139 m with higher water availability, where the soils were classified as Typic Rhodoxeralfs (PI), at an elevation of 1267 m classified as Lithic Haploxeralfs (PII), at an elevation of 1633 m classified as Typic Calcixerepts (PIII), while less developed soils classified as Typic Xerorthents (PIV) were formed at higher elevation of 1809 m. Soil classification was done carried out according to Soil Taxonomy (USDA, 2014). According to the results not needed, soil pH, soil EC, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations decreased with increasing elevation. At low altitudes, the operations of melanization, brunification and argilluviation prevail, increased the thickness of the horizon B, the amount of clay and Fed ratio increased with increasing the weathering degree while the CaCO3 ratio and the bulk density decreased at the same altitudes. Our results show that the rate of chemical weathering of CIA, CIW, PIA and MIA indicators decrease with the increase in elevation. In contrast, WIP value increased at higher altitudes. On the other hand, the low negative Eu/Eu* ratio for the values of all the soil profiles studied was found to be related to the intensity of the increased weathering. In this context, the significant differentiation was found between the spider diagrams depending on the altitudes. The A-CN-K diagram exhibited, in low altitudes of approach the A apex more than the other soil elevations, suggesting that composition of weathered soils more easily influenced by quantity the availability and flux of water through the soil and in addition to the precipitation, resulting of the climate differences by the difference in altitudes. According to the results of the mass balance that positive values of PI (at the lower altitudes), was due to elements transfer from the high elevation to the low elevation of the water inflow for cations enrichment. The difference of clay minerals in the soil profiles showed that altitude differentiation affect mineralogical differentiation. As a result, the variability of climatic factors depending on the elevation in the region have been effective enough to the effect on soil-forming, and the increase in precipitation due to the elevation between the profiles has caused intense weathering and intensive leaching, the resulting from availability and flux of water through the soil is the primary factor in weathering intensity and it has a decisive role in the transformation of clay minerals sufficient to differentiate the profiles. This study indicated that soil properties and processes were strongly related to elevation and climatic conditions, both of which determine the leaching regime and weathering rates. This suggests that shifts in climate produces appreciable changes in different types of soils.