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Öğe Application of ANN to evaluate effective parameters affecting failure load and displacement of RC buildings(COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS, 2009) Arslan, M. HakanThis study investigated the efficiency of an artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting and determining failure load and failure displacement of multi story reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The study modeled a RC building with four stories and three bays, with a load bearing system composed of columns and beams. Non-linear static pushover analysis of the key parameters in change defined in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-2007) for columns and beams was carried out and the capacity curves, failure loads and displacements were obtained. Totally 720 RC buildings were analyzed according to the change intervals of the parameters chosen. The input parameters were selected as longitudinal bar ratio ((l)) of columns, transverse reinforcement ratio (A(sw)/s(c)), axial load level (N/N(o)), column and beam cross section, strength of concrete (f(c)) and the compression bar ratio ('/) on the beam supports. Data from the nonlinear analysis were assessed with ANN in terms of failure load and failure displacement. For all outputs, ANN was trained and tested using of 11 back-propagation methods. All of the ANN models were found to perform well for both failure loads and displacements. The analyses also indicated that a considerable portion of existing RC building stock in Turkey may not meet the safety standards of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-2007).Öğe Design Force Estimation Using Artificial Neural Network for Groups of Four Cylindrical Silos(Sage Publications Inc, 2010) Yüksel, S. Bahadır; Arslan, M. HakanThe computation of design forces for the reinforced concrete groups of four cylindrical silos (GFCS) is fairly difficult because of the continuity of the walls between the adjacent silos. In this study, the efficiency of the artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting the design forces and the design moments of the GFCS due to interstice and internal loadings was investigated. Previously obtained finite element (FE) analyses results in the literature were used to train and test the ANN models. Each parameter (silo wall thickness, intersection wall thickness and the central angle spanning the intersection walls of the GFCS) affecting design forces and moments was set to be an input vector. The outputs of the ANN models would be the bending moments, hoop forces and shear forces at the supports and crowns of the interstice walls due to interstice loadings; the maximum axial forces and maximum bending moments at the external walls due to internal loadings. All the outputs of the ANN models were trained and tested by three-layered 11 back-propagation methods widely used in the literature. The obtained results presented that these 11 different methods were capable of predicting the design forces and the design moments at the interstice and external walls of the GFCS used in the training and testing phases of the study.Öğe Estimation of curvature and displacement ductility in reinforced concrete buildings(KOREAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-KSCE, 2012) Arslan, M. HakanEnsuring sufficient ductility in building load bearing systems and elements of the load bearing system is quite important for their seismic performance. The Seismic Codes stipulate that certain requirements must be met to maintain ductility values above a certain level. The purpose of this study is to determine how ductility values of both elements and load bearing systems vary as parameters related to the conditions specified in the codes change and as estimates of these values are used. With this aim in mind, the curvature ductility in columns and beams of a four-storey Reinforced Concrete (RC) building differs depending on parameters that include the axial load level, longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement, compression bar ratio and concrete strength. The value of the curvature ductility was found to vary according to the number of parameters and variance range, which was found to be 60 and 135 in the beam section and column section, respectively. Later, a pushover analysis was applied to 540 different statuses of the sample RC system for the same parameters, and the ratio variations and respective displacement (global) ductility of the frames were calculated. The relationship between obtained ductility values with the parameters, as well as the accuracy of the established model, were estimated using regression analyses (Multi-linear and Nonlinear Regression (MLR, NLR)) and 11 various Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) methods. According to the estimation methods, it was found that the test parameters that significantly affect curvature ductility values are not sufficient to explain the displacement ductility values. On the other hand, it was seen that the estimation strength of ANNs proved to be greater than MLR in both curvature ductility and displacement ductility. Outcomes also indicated that the NLR model exhibits superior performance for estimating displacement ductility.Öğe An Evaluation of Effective Design Parameters on Earthquake Performance of RC Buildings Using Neural Networks(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Arslan, M. HakanThe extent of building damage is related to the features of the structural system, which have many parameters. In particular, it is difficult to determine the extent to which structural parameters affect structural performance to identify the main parameters that may cause damage. In the present study, changes in the quality of a load-bearing system and reinforced concrete (RC) structure materials during an earthquake were determined. The related structural parameters were determined by considering the structural damage parameters observed in earthquakes: concrete compressive strength, yield and ultimate strength of steel, transverse reinforcement, infill wall ratio, short column, strong column-weak beam, and shear wall ratio. A total of 256 RC buildings with between 4 and 7 floors were modeled, and pushover analysis was applied to each to obtain the building capacity curves. A performance assessment was performed predicated on the basic criteria of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-2007), which was revised in parallel with FEMA-356. In addition, the influence of the structural parameters was determined using a set of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms, and a parametric study was performed accordingly. The load-bearing system and material were discussed by matching the findings obtained from the study with the documented damage from previous earthquakes. The effect of each parameter tested in this study had various affecting ratios on the earthquake performance of the structure. It was found that shear wall ratio and short column formation are the most significant structural components that affect performance. The compressive strength of concrete and transverse reinforcement were determined to be the least significant parameters. In addition, the ANN determined the structural performance with quite satisfactory rate. The earthquake performance estimation percentages of the selected ANN algorithms varied between 91.68% and 98.47% depending on the algorithm type and other parameters of the ANN modeling.Öğe Experimental and Analytical Analysis of RC Frames Strengthened Using RC External Shear Walls(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2011) Kaltakci, M. Yasar; Arslan, M. Hakan; Yilmaz, Ulku S.In this study, we have investigated the application of an external RC shear wall as a method of improving the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames in an earthquake. We produced a series of eight RC frames, each of which was modeled at a 1/3 scale with two floors and two spans. These frames were of the same size and had design and construction deficiencies commonly encountered in the RC buildings in Turkey. We tested four of the eight frames without any strengthening, under reversed cyclic lateral loadings resembling earthquake loads. The remaining four frames we tested under the same conditions after strengthening them with RC external shear walls. We arranged the axial force loads applied to the columns of the test models in two different ways to result in tensile and compression failure. The test results were analyzed on the basis of a comparison using static push over analysis. The results of the experimental tests and analytical studies showed that the RC external shear wall improved the seismic character of the existing RC frame as much as RC infill walls, therefore this method can be used as an alternative strengthening method. Also, the method provides effective, practical and economical strengthening that minimizes the need for additional works and does not restrict the use of the RC building.Öğe An Investigation on Global Ductility of Strengthened RC Frames(Thomas Telford Publishing, 2010) Arslan, M. Hakan; Yüksel, İsa; Kaltakcı, M. YaşarThis paper presents a comparative study of global ductility of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame strengthened with external structural walls. The effect and suitability of the approaches used for evaluation of global yield displacement were examined. Then, using experimental and analytical methods, the variation of global ductility was investigated. In the experimental study, 1/3-scaled two plane frame systems, one unstrengthened and the other strengthened with external structural walls, were tested under lateral cyclic loads. In the analytical study, the pushover analyses of these two plane frames were performed with IDARC-2D and SAP2000. The variation in the global ductility ratio was analysed in terms of the global yielding displacement related to the system ductility by applying different approaches to the capacity curves drawn from the experimental data and analytical methods. The results showed that it was important to select a suitable approach to the evaluation of the global yield displacement, which has a vital influence on global ductility. The global ductility ratios obtained from first significant member yield (FSMY) approach and Paulay's approach are closer to the experimental results.Öğe A new approach on the strengthening of primary school buildings in Turkey: An application of external shear wall(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2008) Kaltakci, M. Yasar; Arslan, M. Hakan; Yilmaz, Ulku S.; Arslan, H. DeryaConsiderable life and property losses have occurred because of the devastation due to the earthquakes happened in Turkey during the last 10 years. Especially, the damages that occurred on the public buildings were more serious and irrevocable when compared with the damages that took place oil private buildings. In Turkey, primary school buildings constitute a large portion of the public buildings. Unfortunately, these buildings faced with heavy damages during the last earthquakes. The strengthening of existing primary school buildings in accordance with new contract specifications, thereby reducing losses of life and property to a minimum in case of an earthquake, has become one of the important issues on the agenda of the Turkish government. However, the strengthening of the primary school buildings by using the available methods is so difficult, because the strengthening works take a long time, the user of these buildings are obliged to evacuate the buildings and also there occurs extra costs caused by the additional repairs and renovations within the buildings when these methods are used. In this study, a new strengthening type of reinforced concrete buildings namely "external reinforced concrete shear wall" application method is discussed. For this purpose, three typical projects, which have been built commonly, are mentioned. The structural deficiencies observed in these buildings are given. In the experimental stage of this study, all experimental programme is formed in order to evaluate the performance of the external shear wall application. In the experimental schedule, four reinforced concrete test specimens are produced by using the design and detailing data of the considered school buildings. According to these tests, the strengthening and system improvement performed through adding external reinforced concrete shear wall to the reinforced concrete buildings will add improved behaviour, strength and rigidity to the system with its low cost besides the ease of construction and application. Since these buildings are detached and located in a multi-purpose garden, constructed as typical projects and have special architectural layout, developing this method for the existing primary school buildings will be able to be implemented in most of the primary school buildings Without my problems. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Predicting of Torsional Strength of RC Beams by Using Different Artificial Neural Network Algorithms and Building Codes(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Arslan, M. HakanIn this study, the efficiency of different artificial neural networks (ANNs) in predicting the torsional strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams is firstly explored. Experimental data of 76 rectangular RC beams from an existing database in the literature were used to develop ANN model. The input parameters affecting the torsional strength were selected as cross-sectional area of beams, dimensions of closed stirrups, spacing of stirrups, cross-sectional area of one-leg of closed stirrup, yield strength of stirrup and longitudinal reinforcement, steel ratio of stirrups, steel ratio of longitudinal reinforcement and concrete compressive strength. Each parameter was arranged in an input vector and a corresponding output vector that includes the torsional strength of RC beam. For all outputs, the ANN models were trained and tested using three layered 11 back-propagation methods. The initial performance evaluation of 11 different back propagations was compared with each other. In addition to these, the paper presents a short review of the well-known building codes provisions for the design of RC beams under pure torsion. The accuracy of the codes in predicting the torsional strength of RC beams was also examined with comparable way by using same test data. The study shows that the ANN models give reasonable predictions of the ultimate torsional strength of RC beams (R-2 approximate to 0.988). Moreover, the study concludes that all ANN models predict the torsional strength of RC beams better than existing building code equations for torsion.Öğe Prediction of force reduction factor (R) of prefabricated industrial buildings using neural networks(TECHNO-PRESS, 2007) Arslan, M. Hakan; Ceylan, Murat; Kaltakci, M. Yasar; Ozbay, YuekselThe force (load) reduction factor, R, which is one of the most important parameters in earthquake load calculation, is independent of the dimensions of the structure but is defined on the basis of the load bearing system of the structure as defined in earthquake codes. Significant damages and failures were experienced on prefabricated reinforced concrete structures during the last three major earthquakes in Turkey (Adana 1998, Kocaeli 1999, Duzce 1999) and the experts are still discussing the main reasons of those failures. Most of them agreed that they resulted mainly from the earthquake force reduction factor, R that is incorrectly selected during design processes, in addition to all other detailing errors. Thus this wide spread damages caused by the earthquake to prefabricated structures aroused suspicion about the correctness of the R coefficient recommended in the current Turkish Earthquake Codes (TEC - 98). In this study, an attempt was made for an approximate determination of R coefficient for widely utilized prefabricated structure types (single-floor single-span) with variable dimensions. According to the selecting variable dimensions, 140 sample frames were computed using pushover analysis. The force reduction factor R was calculated by load-displacement curves obtained pushover analysis for each frame. Then, formulated artificial neural network method was trained by using 107 of the 140 sample frames. For the training various algorithms were used. The method was applied and used for the prediction of the R rest 33 frames with about 92% accuracy. The paper also aims at proposing the authorities to change the R coefficient values predicted in TEC - 98 for prefabricated concrete structures.Öğe Prefabrike endüstri yapılarının 2007 deprem yönetmeliği koşullarına göre deprem güvenliğinin belirlenmesi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, 2008) Arslan, M. Hakan; Akın, Arife; Erkan, İ. Hakkı; Gülay, F. GültenÇalışmada Türkiye’de yaygın olarak üretilmiş olan ve mevcut prefabrike bina stoğu içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Lambda tipi (kırıklı çerçeve) prefabrike yapıların 6 Mart 2007 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren yeni Deprem Yönetmeliği (TDY–2007) kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmesini yapmak amacıyla, 1998 yılında imal edilmiş ve montajı tamamlanmış fakat 1999 depreminde tamamen yıkılmış olan bir örneği değerlendirilecektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda önce son depremlerde bu tür yapılarda meydana gelen hasarlar ve nedenleri özet olarak verilerek, 2007 yönetmeliğinde prefabrike betonarme yapıların tasarım ilkelerinde yapılan değişiklikler ve prefabrik yapıların deprem güvenliğinin belirlenmesi konusunda önerilen yaklaşımlar açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra 1998 yönetmeliğine göre tasarlanmış olan prefabrike sanayi yapısı, yeni yönetmelikte önerilen ‘Doğrusal Elastik Hesap Yöntemi’ ve ‘Doğrusal Elastik Olmayan Hesap Yöntemlerinden: Artımsal Eşdeğer Deprem Yükü Yöntemi’ ile SAP2000 programı ile analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapı önce doğrusal elastik yaklaşımla çözümlenerek kolon ve kirişlerin etki/kapasite oranları, yatay yerdeğiştirmeleri ve hasar sınırları bulunmuş, daha sonra SAP2000 programı yardımıyla yapının itme analizi gerçekleştirilerek her iki doğrultudaki kapasite eğrileri elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda her iki analiz yöntemine göre de yapının göçme konumunda olduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır.Öğe Sanayi yapılarının maliyetinde etkin parametrelerin irdelenmesi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, 2007) Taştekin, M. Soner; Kara, Nail; Arslan, M. Hakanİnşaatı yapılacak her yapının projelendirilmesinde, güvenlikle birlikte maliyetin düşünülmesi gerekir. Yapılan araştırmalar ülkemizde özellikle endüstri yapılarında uygulama çeşitliliğini gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu çalışma, sanayi yapılarının yapım teknolojilerinin özellikle ekonomik yönden karşılaştırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, aynı boyutlarda bulunan prefabrike betonarme, çelik ve kompozit sanayi yapıları, yapıların ömürleri ve bakım masrafları da dikkate alınarak bütün avantajları ve dezavantajlarıyla ekonomik olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan karşılaştırmada kullanılan değişkenler; Yapı tipi (Prefabrike Betonarme (P), Çelik (Ç) ve Kompozit (K)), deprem bölgesi, nakliye mesafesi ve yapının açıklığı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda seçilen 3 farklı tip yapı (P, Ç, K) 3 değişik açıklık (15, 18 ve 22) için ve 4 değişik deprem bölgesi baz alınarak, SAP2000 programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiş ve boyutlandırılmıştır. Statik ve dinamik çözümleri yapılan bu sistemlerin 4 farklı nakliye mesafesine göre (50-100-150 ve 200 km) maliyet analizleri yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre sistemler karşılaştırılmışlardır. Çalışmada toplam 3 x 3 x 4 x 4 =144 çerçeve analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada güdülen en önemli amaç, uygulayıcılar için sistem seçiminde maliyet karşılaştırması yapabilmek ve etkin parametreleri ortaya koymaktır.Öğe Sudden Complete Collapse of Zumrut Apartment Building and the Causes(ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, 2013) Kaltakci, M. Yasar; Kamanli, Mehmet; Ozturk, Murat; Arslan, M. Hakan; Korkmaz, H. HusnuIn recent years, buildings and structures in Turkey have frequently failed or suddenly sustained damage because of their own weight or other loads. The most dramatic failure was the Zumrut Apartment Building disaster: a 9-story RC building in Konya that collapsed on February 2, 2004, leaving 92 people dead. This study will investigate the cause of the building damage and failure. The significant mistakes made during the design and construction of the building will also be considered. This study was divided into three sections: site investigation, analytical study, and experimental study. The evaluation of the building failure relating to the vertical load-bearing members will be presented using observations from the site investigations, the test results obtained from specimens taken from the failed building, and the findings of an analytical study involving modeling the building using the finite-element method.Öğe USE OF PLASTIC MATERIAL FOR PROVIDING THERMAL AND ACOUSTICS COMFORTS IN RESIDENCE CONSTRUCTED WITH RC TUNNEL FORM SYSTEM(CZECH TECHNICAL UNIV PRAGUE, 2013) Arslan, M. Hakan; Arslan, H. DeryaIn this study, structural parameters have been mentioned on reinforced concrete members such as floor and shear wall produced with/without balls, also making some explanation on feasibility of the research and findings discussed in comparative way. Results obtained from experimental studies shows that plastic balls used in reinforced concrete with the suitable position, do not cause to decrease on strength and rigidity but some improvement on thermal and acoustic features has been observed.
