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Öğe Akor Hazirlama Etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2009) Atalay, Nart BedinBu makalede, akor hazırlama etkisini inceleyen, günümüze kadar yayınlanmış 40’a yakın çalışma, kapsamlı bir biçimde anlatılmıştır. Akor hazırlama, armonik ilişkilerin algılanmasını araştırmak için kullanılan temel yöntemlerden birisidir. Akor hazırlama yönteminde katılımcılar bir takım hazırlayıcı akorlar dinlerler ve bunların ardından dinledikleri hedef akor hakkında bir karar vermeleri istenir. Katılımcıların verdiği cevapların doğruluğu ve cevap verme süresi hedef akor için geliştirmiş olan beklentiyi ölçer. Hazırlayıcı ve hedef akor armonik olarak ilişkili olduğunda cevaplar daha hızlı ve daha doğru olarak verilmektedir. Bu duruma akor hazırlama etkisi adı verilir. Akor hazırlama etkisi hazırlayıcı ve hedef akorlar arasında akustik bir benzerlik olmadığı durumlarda hem müzisyen ve hem de müzisyen olmayan katılımcılardan gözlemlenmiştir. Bu durum bu etkinin psiko-akustik süreçlerden değil, öğrenilmiş armonik ilişkilerin yarattığı bilişsel süreçlerden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Akor hazırlama etkisi, hazırlayıcı akor ile hedef akorun armonik olarak ilişkili olmasının getirdiği bir hızlanma neticesinde gözlemlenmektedir. Armonik olarak ilişkili akorlar dinlendiğinde başka bilişsel süreçlerde de bir hızlanma gözlemlenmiştir. Bu da akor hazırlama etkisine yol açan bilişsel süreçlerin dikkat mekanizmasını etkilediğinin göstergesidir. Akor hazırlama etkisinin gözlemlendiği hasta grupları çeşitlidir. Bu etki split-brain, amusic ve serebellar hastalardan gözlemlenmiş, Broka afazik bir hastadan gözlemlenmemiştir. Bu da akor hazırlama etkisinin beyindeki dil mekanizmalarıyla ilişkili olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Son yıllarda popülerlik kazanan akor hazırlama etkisini kapsamlı biçimde anlatan bir derleme çalışması Türkçe’de bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu eksiklik giderilmeye çalışılmıştır.Öğe Attentional control is partially impaired in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(WILEY, 2013) Tulek, Baykal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Kanat, Fikret; Suerdem, MecitObstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with executive cognitive impairment. An important question is whether impairment in executive functioning in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is independent of dysfunction in attention. Attentional control is a subcomponent of executive functioning that is mediated by frontal lobe processing. In the current study, we investigated whether attentional control is deficient in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Attentional control processes were investigated through conflict adaptation and conflict frequency paradigms. These neuropsychological paradigms were assessed by using the Simon, Flanker and Stroop tasks. We additionally analysed post-error slowing data within these tasks. Error processing is another index of cognitive control that is mediated by frontal lobe functioning. Our sample consisted of 14 healthy adults and 24 patients with untreated moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Results indicated that attentional control is partially dysfunctional among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Attentional control processes were deficient when focal attention (Flanker task) processes were involved, but were intact when observed using the Simon and Stroop tasks. A non-significant trend in post-error slowing data suggested that error processing, assessed with the Flanker task, was diminished among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. These results support the view that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome leads to some amount of frontal lobe dysfunction, and that attentional control and error processing might be particularly affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.Öğe Can Contingency Learning Alone Account for Item-Specific Control? Evidence From Within- and Between-Language ISPC Effects(AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2012) Atalay, Nart Bedin; Misirlisoy, MineThe item-specific proportion congruence (ISPC) manipulation (Jacoby, Lindsay, & Hessels, 2003) produces larger Stroop interference for mostly congruent items than mostly incongruent items. This effect has been attributed to dynamic control over word-reading processes. However, proportion congruence of an item in the ISPC manipulation is completely confounded with response contingency, suggesting the alternative hypothesis, that the ISPC effect is a result of learning response contingencies (Schmidt & Besner, 2008). The current study asks whether the ISPC effect can be explained by a pure stimulus response contingency-learning account, or whether other control processes play a role as well, by comparing within- and between-language conditions in a bilingual task. Experiment 1 showed that contingency learning for noncolor words was larger for the within-language than the between-language condition. Experiment 2 revealed significant ISPC effects for both within- and between-language conditions; importantly, the effect was larger in the former. The results of the contingency analyses for Experiment 2 were parallel to that of Experiment 1 and did not show an interaction between contingency and congruency. Put together, these sets of results support the view that contingency-learning processes dominate color word ISPC effects.Öğe Cognitive function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Relationship to global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2011 categories(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2014) Tulek, Baykal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Yildirim, Gulfem; Kanat, Fikret; Suerdem, MecitBackground and objective: Recently, comorbidities such as impaired cognitive function have been attracting more focus when considering the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we investigated the relationship between cognitive function and the categories given in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines in 2011. Specifically, after controlling for non-COPD covariates, we assessed the clinical features that may be predictive of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD. Methods: We recruited 119 stable patients with mild to very severe COPD. We administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests that assessed cognitive functions in the domains of attention, memory, psychomotor coordination and language. Results: Cognitive scores were significantly different between patients falling within GOLD 2011 categories. Scores were lower in patients with high future risk compared with low future risk. In parallel, there were significant differences in cognitive function between COPD patient subgroups when patients were grouped according to the forced expiratory volume in 1 s, exacerbation history and C-reactive protein levels. After controlling for non-COPD predictors, only exacerbation history remained a significant predictor of cognitive scores. Conclusions: The number of exacerbation events in a year may be used as a predictor of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD.Öğe Does attention capacity correlate with the effects of chord function on phoneme monitoring?(IEEE, 2009) Atalay, Nart Bedin; Misirlisoy, MineThe present study assessed the relationship between attention capacity and effects of chord function on phoneme monitoring. Attention capacity was measured with performance on Stroop task and choice reaction time task. The results showed a significant correlation between Stroop performance and chord function effects on phoneme monitoring, in that, participants with high Stroop performance were better at blocking the interference of chordal processing on their attention capacity. In addition, participants with high focused attentional processing capacity discriminated target syllables faster, since choice reaction time score positively correlated with average correct reaction time for both "di" and "du".Öğe The effect of cognitive functions on the ability to learn how to use a Diskus device in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(TURKISH RESPIRATORY SOC, 2018) Tulek, Baykal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Kurtipek, Ercan; Yildirim, Gulfem; Kanat, Fikret; Suerdem, MecitOBJECTIVE: Dry powder inhalers are a group of inhaled medications commonly used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although they can be more easily administered than metered dose inhalers, there is a high rate of errors in device use. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the ability to learn how to use a Diskus device and cognitive functions in patients with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 30 inhaler-naive patients who were newly diagnosed with COPD. During their first visit, patients were administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests and given a training on inhaler use. During the second visit, patients were divided into two groups according to their performance in the use of Diskus device: effective and ineffective. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients who completed the study showed a negative correlation between the cognitive test scores and Diskus training parameters. The number of errors and duration of training increased as the cognitive scores decreased. In Visit 2, a comparison between patients with ineffective and effective use of the Diskus device showed that cognitive function scores were higher in those with effective use. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of cognitive functions in COPD patients is important in establishing an effective inhalation treatment.Öğe Exploration and Field Study of a Password Manager Using Icon-Based Passwords(2012) Bıçakçı, Kemal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Yüceel, Mustafa; van Oorschot, P. C.We carry out a hybrid lab and field study of a password manager program, and report on usability and security. Our study explores iPMAN, a browser-based password manager that in addition uses a graphical password scheme for the master password. We present our findings as a set of observations and insights expected to be of interest both to those exploring password managers, and graphical passwords.Öğe Graphical Passwords as Browser Extension: Implementation and Usability Study(SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, 2009) Bicakci, Kemal; Yuceel, Mustafa; Erdeniz, Burak; Gurbaslar, Hakan; Atalay, Nart BedinToday, most Internet applications still establish user authentication with traditional text based passwords. Designing a secure as well as a user-friendly password-based method has been on the agenda of security researchers for a long time. On one hand, there are password manager programs which facilitate generating site-specific strong passwords from a single user password to eliminate the memory burden due to multiple passwords. On the other hand, there are studies exploring the viability of graphical passwords as a more secure and user-friendly alternative. In this paper, we present GPEX, a password manager program implemented as a web browser plug-in to enable using graphical passwords to secure Internet applications without any need to change their authentication interface. Experimental results show that GPEX has security and usability advantages over other password manager plug-ins. specifically; we find that with the visual interface of GPEX, users have a more complete and accurate mental model of the system and incorrect login attempts causing security exposures can easily be avoided.Öğe İstemsiz okumanın maddeye özgü uyumluluk oranı etkisindeki rolü(2011) Atalay, Nart Bedin; Mısırlısoy, MineMaddeye özgü uyumluluk oranı değişimlemesinde, çoğunlukla uyumlu olan kelimelerle gözlemlenen Stroop etkisi çoğunlukla uyumsuz olan kelimelerle gözlemlenen etkiye nazaran daha büyüktür (Jacoby ve ark., 2003). Stroop deneylerinde uyumlu uyarıcılardaki okuma hatalarını tespit etmek mümkün değildir. Maddeye özgü uyumluluk oranı değişimlemesinde, çoğunlukla uyumlu kelimeler büyük oranda uyumlu renklerle yazıldığından, bu uyarıcı grubunda tespit edilemeyen istemsiz okumaların sayısı da büyük olacaktır. Bu çalışmada istemsiz okumanın maddeye özgü uyumluluk oranı etkisindeki rolü incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, kelimeleri tersten yazarak okumayı zorlaştırmanın çoğunlukla; uyumlu uyarıcılardaki kolaylaştırıcı Stroop etkisini değiştirip değiştirmediği araştırılmıştır. Deney sonuçları, kelimeler ters yazıldığında çoğunlukla uyumlu uyarıcılarla gözlemlenen kolaylaştırıcı Stroop etkisinin azaldığını göstermiştir. Kelimenin yönü çoğunlukla uyumsuz uyarıcılardaki kolaylaştırıcı ve bozucu Stroop etkisini değiştirmemiştir. Bu çalışma ile ilk defa olarak istemsiz okumanın maddeye özgü uyumluluk oranı etkisindeki rolü gösterilmiştir.Öğe Reactive and proactive control of cognitive functions in obstructive sleep apnea(EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, 2012) Tulek, Baykal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Kanat, Fikret; Suerdem, Mecit[Abstract not Available]Öğe Relationship between the ability to learn dry-powder inhaler use and the cognitive functions in patients with COPD(EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD, 2015) Tulek, Baykal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Kurtipek, Ercan; Yildirim, Gulfem; Kanat, Fikret; Suerdem, Mecit[Abstract not Available]Öğe Simulating Probability Learning and Probabilistic Reversal Learning Using the Attention-Gated Reinforcement Learning (AGREL) Model(IEEE, 2010) Erdeniz, Burak; Atalay, Nart BedinIn a probability learning task, participants estimate the probabilistic reward contingencies, and this task has been used extensively to study instrumental conditioning with partial reinforcement. In the probabilistic reversal learning task, the probabilistic reward contingencies are reversed between options in the middle of the experiment to measure how well people adapt to new contingency situations. In this work, we used the attention-gated reinforcement learning (AGREL) model (Roelfsema & Van Ooyen, 2005) to simulate how people learn the probabilistic relationship between stimulus-reward pairs in probability and reversal learning tasks. AGREL algorithm put forward two important aspects of a learning phenomenon together in a neural network scheme: (1) the effect of unexpected outcomes on learning and (2) the effect of top-down (selective) attention on updating weights. Contrary to its importance in the learning literature, AGREL has not yet been tested with these well known learning tasks. The results of the first simulation showed that in a binary choice probability learning experiment an AGREL model can simulate different learning strategies, such as probability matching and maximizing. Secondly, we simulated a probabilistic reversal learning experiment with the same AGREL model, and the results showed that the AGREL model dynamically adapted to new contingency situations. Furthermore, we also evaluated effects of learning rate on the model's adaption to reversal contingency by plotting the interphase dynamics. These results showed that AGREL model simulates the traditional findings observed in probability and reversal learning experiments, and it can be further developed to understand the role of dopamine in learning and it can be used in model-based fMRI research.Öğe Towards Usable Solutions to Graphical Password Hotspot Problem(IEEE, 2009) Bicakci, Kemal; Atalay, Nart Bedin; Yuceel, Mustafa; Gurbaslar, Hakan; Erdeniz, BurakClick based graphical passwords that use background images suffer from hot-spot problem. Previous graphical password schemes based on recognition of images do not have a sufficiently large password space suited for most Internet applications. In this paper, we propose two novel graphical password methods based on recognition of icons to solve the hotspot problem without decreasing the password space. The experiment we have conducted that compares the security and usability of proposed methods with earlier work (i.e. Passpoints) shows that hotspot problem can be eliminated if a small increase in password entrance and confirmation times is tolerable.
