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    Biological, phytochemical, and physico-chemical properties of two commercial Nigella sativa seed oils: A comparative analysis
    (ISTANBUL UNIV, FAC PHARMACY, 2018) Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Zaahira; Neetoo, Hudaa; Zengin, Gökhan; Fibrich, Bianca; Rademan, Sunelle; van Staden, Analike Blom
    This study was designed to evaluate and correlate the biological, phytochemical, and physicochemical properties of two NSS (Nigella sativa seed) oils (N1 and N2). The biological activity was evaluated in terms of antibacterial, antioxidant (nitric oxide scavenging), antielastase, antityrosinase, antimelanogenic, and anticancer activity. Physicochemical properties including colour, total soluble solids (TSS), and density were also investigated. N2 exhibited higher antibacterial, NO scavenging, extracellular antimelanogenic, and anticancer activity against the HeLa cell line compared to N1, which showed higher antityrosinase activity. TPC (total phenolic content) and TFC (total flavonoid content) of N1 were significantly higher than N2 while TTC (total tannin content) was higher in N2. In fact, TTC was strongly correlated (R=1.000) with the antioxidant, extracellular antimelanogenic, and HeLa cell inhibitory activity. To conclude, NSS oil may be considered as a complementary and alternative therapy in the management of infectious and chronic diseases but warrants further in vivo pharmacological validation and toxicological analysis.
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    Essential oils from tropical medicinal herbs and food plants inhibit biofilm formation in vitro and are non-cytotoxic to human cells
    (SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Zaahira; Ismael, Ismael Said; Hosenally, Muzzammil; Zengin, Gökhan; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi
    The biofilm inhibition and eradication potential of essential oils (EOs) extracted from six tropical medicinal herbs and food plants [Psiadia arguta (PA), Psiadia terebinthina (PT), Citrus grandis (CGp), Citrus hystrix (CH), Citrus reticulata (CR), and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ)] were assessed. The mechanism of inhibition was studied via quenching of efflux pump. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Artemia sauna assay and cell lines [human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), human lung fibroblast (MRC-5), and murine melanoma (B16F10)]. EOs of CH, CR, PA, and PT were found to be prospective antibiofilm agents (IC50 of 0.29, 0.59, 0.22, and 0.11 mg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis; 0.39, 0.54, 0.09, and 0.13 mg/mL against Escherichia coli; and 0.54, 0.90, 0.44 and 0.51 mg/mL against Candida albicans for CH, CR, PA, and PT, respectively). The simultaneous actions of the EOs and efflux pump inhibitor impacted on the resistance of the biofilms. LC50 of the EOs ranged from 223 to 583 mg/mL against A. salina. The non-cytotoxic concentration of the EOs varied from 200 to 300 mu g/mL (HeLa and MRC-5), and 150-200 mu g/mL (B16F10). EOs from these tropical medicinal herbs and food plants are useful sources of new antimicrobials with low cytotoxicity which could open new horizons in the drug development process.
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    In vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity and chemical profile of different extracts from Acanthus hirsutus Boiss used in Anatolian folk medicine
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2018) Uysal, Şengül; Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Zaahira; Zengin, Gökhan; Aktümsek, Abdurrahman; Maskovic, Pavle Z.; Vujic, Jelena M.; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi
    Introduction: The traditional use of phyto remedies and natural products may indicate their pharmacological potential. Screening plant extracts to identify their active components has gained momentum with possible beneficial effects for public health. The aim of study was to assess and compare the biological properties of different extracts (methanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate) prepared from Acanthus hirsutus (AH), a traditionally used medicinal plant. Methods: The phytochemical profile of AH was established via analysis of the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the condensed tannins and gallotannins present in plants collected in the Anatolian region of Turkey. Chemical profiles were confirmed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/DAD) method. Antioxidant potential were appraised through the analysis of their free radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, and inhibition ability of lipid peroxidation. Any cytotoxicity activity of the extracts was assessed through the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against three different cancer cell lines. Results: The HPLC/DAD profile revealed the presence of rutin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, and naringenin which were in significant abundance in the extracts. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant capacity with 284.33 +/- 0.05 mu g AAE/g extract, which correlated with the highest total condensed tannins, phenolics, and flavonoid contents (94.14 +/- 0.16 mg GAE/g extract, 114.30 +/- 0.11 mg GAE/g extract and 61.18 +/- 0.43 mg RE/g extract, respectively). Different sensitivities were observed towards the different cell lines used, with the aqueous extract being the less cytotoxic. Conclusion: AH proved to be a potent medicinal plant that can be further exploited as a complementary and alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress related diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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    Insight into the biological properties and phytochemical composition of Ballota macrodonta Boiss. et Balansa, - an endemic medicinal plant from Turkey
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2018) Uysal, Şengül; Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Zaahira; Zengin, Gökhan; Aktümsek, Abdurrahman; Mocan, Andrei; Custodio, Luisa; Neng, Nuno R.
    Ballota macrodonta Boiss. et Balansa., is a traditionally used endemic medicinal plant used to manage a plethora of diseases in Turkey. Nonetheless, few studies have endeavoured to highlight its therapeutic potential and its phytochemical profile. We hypothesized that B. macrodonta would possess multi-pharmacological propensities and bioactive compounds that would justify its use as a folk remedy. Aerial part of B. macrodonta was assessed for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzymatic inhibitory potential using different extraction solvents. The total bioactive components determination and compound identification using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) method were used to correlate the biological properties. HPLC-DAD profile showed the presence of 19 components (e.g. hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin hydrate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, rutin, and quercetin). The water and methanolic extracts showed high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The overall antioxidant capacity of the water extract was higher than the one of the methanol extract. The extracts showed inhibitory activity against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. The extracts also presented antimicrobial activity against eight Gram positive/negative bacteria (MIC - 0.05-0.15 mg/mL) and eight fungi (MIC - 0.0125-0.20 mg/mL). The presence of active biomolecules with multi-pharmacological properties makes B. macrodonta a potential source of health-promoting compounds that can be exploited as a novel medicinal herbal product.