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    The acute effect of a single exhaustive sprint exercise session on post-exercise fat oxidation rate
    (WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH, 2018) Aslankeser, Zubeyde; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    Study aim: It is well known that substrate oxidation rates are increased by exercise. The present study had two main objectives: firstly, to examine the effect of a single exhaustive exercise session on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy expenditure; and secondly, to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes. Material and methods: Eighteen healthy male athletes (mean +/- SD age; 19.38 +/- 2.26 years, VO2max; 60.57 +/- 3.90 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), n = 8) and non-athletes (age; 20.30 +/- 1.26 years, VO2max; 44.97 +/- 5.43 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), n = 10) volunteered to participate in the study. After an overnight fast, subjects performed a single sprint exercise session on a cycle ergometer with individual loads (0.075 kg per body weight) until volitional exhaustion. Energy expenditure (EE) and the substrate oxidation rate were measured at rest and during the post-exercise recovery period using indirect calorimetry. Results: Exhaustive exercise significantly increased post-exercise fat oxidation, energy expenditure and contribution of fat to EE (p < 0.05). Also, it significantly decreased post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and the contribution of CHO to EE (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the substrate oxidation rate and EE after the exercise test were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study results suggest that a single short-duration exhaustive exercise session causes a higher fat oxidation rate during recovery than at rest, whereas training status did not affect this situation.
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    The Comparison of Judo-Specific Tests
    (STOWARZYSZENIE IDOKAN POLSKA-IDOKAN POLAND ASSOC, 2018) Ceylan, Bayram; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    Background. There are some judo-specific performance tests developed in recent years. It has been reported that these tests present the same physiological results as aerobic and anaerobic power measurements carried out in laboratories. Measurements carried out by using judo-specific exercises are important to control the development of the training. Problem and aim. The aim of this study was to determine whether 3 different judo-specific tests could discriminate judo athletes from different levels and present the same physiological results as simulated judo match. Methods. Eight male judo athletes who have competed in international competitions in the recent year and 7 male judo athletes who have competed in national competitions in the recent year voluntarily participated in this study. During the selection process, some criteria such as at least 4-year judo background, attending trainings regularly and no injuries in the recent year which adversely affected athletes' training program were taken into consideration. Athletes carried out 4 different practices (tests): Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), Uchikomi Fitness Test (UFT), Santos Test (ST) and Simulated Judo Match (SJM). Tests were carried out randomly at the same time of the day with at least 2, at most 3 days intervals. Rest values of hearth rate (I IR) and lactate (LA) were measured before tests and at 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 30th minutes of the recovery period. Paired comparisons of the variables were tested with independent sample t-test, changes in HR and LA values in both groups were tested with the three-factor mixed-design analysis of variance with repeated measurement. Results. Elite and non-elite athletes were found to have the same physical characteristics except body fat percentage. Time of measurement (F=187.57) and tests (F=21.05) significantly affected the level of lactate (p<0.05), the interaction effect between test and time factors was also found significant (F=8.80; p<0.05). Contrarily, changes of the lactate concentration during the tests were similar in elite and non-elite judo athletes (F=0.82; p<0.05). Conclusion. Despite similar changes in HR and LA only SJFT and ST discriminated elite and non-elite judo athletes in terms of number of throws and test-specific evaluations while UFT did not discriminate the levels of the athletes.
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    Comparison of Substrate Oxidation during Walking and Running in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Men
    (KARGER, 2012) Balci, Sukru Serdar
    Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the differences in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during walking and running between normal-weight and overweight/obese young adult men. Methods: 19 healthy, normal-weight (age = 21.9 +/- 0.7 years, BMI = 22.6 +/- 0.4 kg, n = 10) and overweight (age = 21.4 +/- 0.6 years, BMI = 31.6 +/- 1.1, n = 9) young men volunteered to participate in this study. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximal fat oxidation rate were determined with indirect calorimetry by using an incremental exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill. The participants' individual preferred transition speeds between walking and running were determined. Indirect calorimetry was used to calculate fat and CHO oxidation during the resting, walking and running tests. Results: Maximal fat oxidation rates during the graded exercise test were not significantly different between the groups. Changes in CHO and fat oxidation in the resting, walking and running tests were similar in the normal-weight and overweight groups. Conclusion: The study results suggest that with regard to changes in CHO and fat oxidation, normal-weight and overweight/obese individuals have similar responses to walking and running at preferred speeds, despite significant differences in oxygen uptake during activity and body composition. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
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    Effects of Aerobic Training without an Energy-Restricted Diet on Body Composition in Young Men and Women
    (GALENOS YAYINCILIK, 2011) Balci, Sukru Serdar; Pepe, Hamdi; Revan, Serkan; Arikan, Sukran
    Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether the effects of bicycle exercise program applied without energy-restricted diet on body composition and aerobic capacity show any difference in men and women. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 volunteers (10+9 men; 8+8 women, for the training and control groups, respectively) were enrolled in this study The subjects had not participated in any regular exercise programs within the previous year, but all of them were moderately active. Also, the dietary restrictions and/or controls were not recommended for all subjects during the study period. The individuals in the training group performed cycling exercise 60 min/day, 4 days/week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 50-70% of target heart rate. The subjects in the control group did not participate in any kind of regular or organized sport activity. Body composition parameters and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured pre- and post-training. Results: The training program significantly increased VO2max values in both men (F=22.99) and women (F=37.93) (p<0.05). While the changes in body weight (F=22.84), body mass index (F=19.99), fat mass (F=5.57), and fat-free mass (F=11.78) showed significant differences between training and control male groups (p<0.05), those parameters were similar in women (p>0.05). The body fat mass increased in both training men and women, but this increase was statistically significant in men (p<0,05). Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise without energy-restricted diet significantly increased VO2max values in both men and women. In spite of this increase, it can be said that training program alone may be inadequate for both genders to make positive changes in body composition. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2011;57:150-5.
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    Effects of Gender, Endurance Training and Acute Exhaustive Exercise on Oxidative Stress in the Heart and Skeletal Muscle of the Rat
    (CHINESE PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC, 2012) Balci, Sukru Serdar; Pepe, Hamdi; Guney, Sevin; Ozer, Cigdem; Revan, Serkan
    Effects of gender differences and endurance training on exhaustive exercise induced-oxidative stress have been a question that has not been clarified in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sex, acute exhaustive exercise and chronic aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in the heart and the skeletal muscle. The study was carried out with 12 week-old male (n = 24) and female (n = 24) young adult Wistar rats. They were randomly divided into four groups: untrained, trained, untrained exhausted and trained exhausted. The rats in the trained group swam for 60 min/day, five days per week for eight weeks. Thereafter, one-half of the trained and one-half of the untrained rats were randomly selected into the trained and untrained exhaustive exercise groups, respectively. They were killed immediately after one last exhaustive swimming exercise. In the heart, endurance training decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the female rats at rest, but did not change in the male rats in the heart; MDA levels were also increased in female rats at rest in the gastrocnemius tissues. In the trained female rats, exhaustive exercise decreased MDA levels in the heart and gastrocnemius tissues. The nitric oxide (NO) levels in the heart in the untrained female rats were higher than in the male rats after exhaustive exercise. Training decreased the NO levels in both sexes in the gastrocnemius tissue at rest. In the heart, the untrained female rats had higher total glutathione (GSH) levels than in the male rats at rest. Also, exhaustive exercise decreased the GSH levels in the trained female rats. In the gastrocnemius, untrained female rats showed higher GSH levels than in the male after exhaustive exercise. The superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius were similar between the female and male rats. The results suggested that gender was a major determinant of changes in MDA, NO and GSH levels in the heart and gastrocnemius tissues after the exhaustive exercise or endurance training. Also, the responses to oxidative stress induced by acute exercise or training in the heart and gastrocnemius muscle tissues are different.
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    Re-examination of the contribution of substrates to energy expenditure during high-intensity intermittent exercise in endurance athletes
    (PEERJ INC, 2017) Aslankeser, Zubeyde; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    Background. It has been believed that the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure is becoming negligible at higher exercise intensities (about 85% VO2max). The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in substrate oxidation during high-intensity interval exercise in young adult men. Methods. A total of 18 healthy well-trained (aged 19.60 +/- 0.54 years, BMI = 22.19 +/- 0.64 kg/m(2), n = 10) and untrained (aged 20.25 +/- 0.41 years, BMI = 22.78 +/- 0.38 kg/m(2), n = 8) young men volunteered to participate in this study. After an overnight fast, subjects were tested on a cycle ergometer and completed six 4-min bouts of cycling (at similar to 80% VO2max) with 2 min of rests between intervals. Energy expenditure and the substrate oxidation rate were measured during the experiment by using indirect calorimetry. The blood lactate concentration was collected immediately after each interval workout. Results. The fat oxidation rate during each workout was significantly different between the untrained and the athlete groups (p < 0.05), and the carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate during the experiment was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, lactate concentration significantly increased in the untrained group (p < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly change in the athlete group during the workouts (p > 0.05). Fat contribution to energy expenditure was significantly higher in the athlete group (similar to 25%) than in the untrained group (similar to 2%). Conclusions. The present study indicates that 17 times more fat oxidation was measured in the athlete group compared to the untrained group. However, the athletes had the same CHO oxidation rate as the recreationally active subjects during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Higher fat oxidation rate despite the same CHO oxidation rate may be related to higher performance in the trained group.
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    Substrate oxidation during incremental exercise in young women: the effects of 2-week high intensity interval training
    (EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA, 2017) Aslankeser, Zubeyde; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of very low volume (in terms of the number of training days and load number in every session) of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on substrate oxidation during incremental exercise until exhaustion in recreationally active women. METHODS: Sixteen young women (N.=8 training; N.=8 controls) voluntarily participated in this study. Before the experiment, peak and mean power outputs were measured by the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), VO2max, the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) and Fat(max) intensity and were not different between the groups (P>0.05). The training group completed two weeks of HIIT (10 sessions), including 2 WATs in every training session. RESULTS: After the experiment, peak and mean power, VO2max, exhaustion time and CHOpeak increased in the training group. Nevertheless, the MFO and Fatmax intensity values did not change. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that a 2-week HIIT increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity without any change in the MFO and Fatmax during maximal exercise.