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    Determination of deterioration of the main facade of the Ferit PaAYa Cistern by non-destructive techniques (Konya, Turkey)
    (SPRINGER, 2018) Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Tosunlar, M. Bahadir; Hatir, M. Ergun; Korkanc, Mustafa
    Building stones have long been one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Building stones used in historical monuments are deteriorated partly or completely depending on the environmental and atmospheric effects. In recent years, non-destructive test methods have been used to assess deterioration of building stones used in historical monuments. Godene stone is one of the building stones being widely used in the historical buildings in the Konya region, Central Anatolia. The most deterioration effects are observed in the Ferit PaAYa Cistern among the historical structures built with Godene stone in the region. The aim of this study is to assess the deteriorating effects in the street fa double dagger ade of the Ferit PaAYa Cistern via non-destructive testing methods (Schmidt hardness rebound value, P-wave velocity, humidity measurement and thermal imaging) and create maps of deteriorated features. Turkey's historic places are integrated to Turkish culture, efforts are made to conserve heritage through rehabilitation. Therefore, this study will help developers and federal managers during the project planning stage by providing technical data.
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    Effect of salt crystallization on weathering of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia, Turkey
    (SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2017) Ozsen, Hakan; Bozdag, Ali; Ince, Ismail
    Salt crystallization is the most significant factor in the degradation of the natural stones used in cultural and historical structures. Stones decay partially or fully as a result of this exposure. This study is the investigation of the degradation of historical monuments (underground cities and semiunderground settlements) carved in pyroclastic rocks in Cappadocian Region which takes part in World Cultural Heritage List. Samples of pyroclastic rocks were collected from six different quarries in Cappadocia, Turkey. To understand the contribution of salt crystallization to this weathering, dry weight loss (DWL) tests were performed on these samples. To investigate the correlations between salt crystallization and other rock properties, porosity, water absorption, ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and point load index were also measured. During the SC process of weathering, the results showed that porosity and water absorption increased for all the samples whereas ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and point load index values decreased. Evaluation of the data obtained from these tests showed very high logarithmic correlations between the dry weight loss values and the mechanical properties.
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    GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF THE DOGANHISAR CLAY BEDS (CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY)
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Aksoy, Rahmi; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Huseyinca, M. Yavuz
    The geology and the mineralogy of the clay beds (Doganhisar clays) located southeast of Doganhisar (central Anatolia, Turkey) were studied, Rock units found in and adjacent to the Doganhisar clay beds include metamorphic rocks of pre-Triassic age of the Sultandaglari Massif, the Miocene Ayaslar Formation and the Pliocene Doganhisar Formation as well as alluvium The Lower (?)-Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Caltepe Formation forming the base of the metamorphic rocks is composed of recrystallized limestone and dolomite. The upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Sultandede Formation conformably overlies the Caltepe Formation. The Middle-Upper Devonian Engilli Formation unconformably overlies the Sultandede Formation and consists predominantly of metaquartzite. It is conformably overlain by the Lower-Middle Carboniferous Kirazli Formation. It is vertically and laterally graded upward in to the Lower-Middle Carboniferous Harlak Formation. Neogene cover units consist of alluvial fan and lacustrine deposits. Metamorphic rocks have undergone regional metamorphism under low grade metamorphic condition and three phases of deformation during the Alpine orogeny. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis were used to study the clay mineralogy. Illite and kaolinite, with lesser amount of chlorite dominate the mineral composition.
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    HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEYSEHIR LAKE AND ENVIRONS
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Bozdag, Ali; Bayram, A. Ferhat; Ince, Ismail
    The most important creeks discharging to the Beysehir Lake (Sarisu, Ustunler, Ebulvefa, Eflatun) and their drainage area form the southeast basin of the lake. In this study will be given briefly the rocks in these basins and their hydrochemical relation with surface and subsurface water The Lower - Middle Cambrian Caltepe formation comprises of dolomite, crystallized limestone and nodular limestone, occurs at the basement and, has reservoir rock characteristics. The Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician Seydisehir formation overlies conformably the Caltepe formation and comprises of schist, phillite and shale bearing limestone and quartzite lenses in places. The Anamasdagi formation which is the most important reservoir rock in the study area has widespread outcrops around the lake and rest unconformable on the Seydisehir formation. It is composed of conglomerate, marl, sandstone, ferric bauxite, dolomite, limestone and, is Upper Jurassic - Upper Cretaceous in age. The Hoyran complex comprising of serpantinite, pyroxenite, harzburgite, dunite, diabase and chromites emplaced tectonically over the abovementioned units. This unit has outcrops starting from northern part of the Beysehir lake extending approximately in the NNW- SSE direction up to the Yesildag town located at the south of the lake. Besides, the Eocene Buyukkopru formation comes unconformable on these units and, begins at the bottom, with the red marl and continues with mudstone - claystone - turbiditic sandstone. The Toprakli formation is made up of partially consolidated pebble, sand and clay and, covers all the abovementioned units. Karstification and their size in the limestone which are widespread in the basin and which are mostly forming the reservoir rock were interpreted by means of their chemical analysis results. The permeability of alluvial sediments was determined with sieve analysis. The variations in the water level of the lake were interpreted statistically. The chemical analysis results of surface and spring water were evaluated in different diagrams and the possibly of these water as being drinkable and usable were searched.
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    The relationship between weathering and welding degree of pyroclastic rocks in the Kilistra ancient city, Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey)
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Bozdag, Ali; Bayram, A. Ferat; Ince, Ismail; Asan, Kursad
    Pyroclastic rocks used in both historical and modern structures are inevitably exposed to various weathering processes, leading to damage and destruction of them. To reduce the effects of weathering caused by various atmospheric effects, geologists need to know what processes are more effective and how they affect rock bodies. In this study, our aim is to show the relationship between the weathering and welding degree of pyroclastic rocks, sampled around the Ancient City of Kilistra in Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey). For this purpose, we conducted field trips, and used petrographic and laboratory techniques such as, physico-mechanical tests and accelerated weathering tests (i.e., Freeze-Thaw, F-T; Wetting-Drying, W-D and Salt Crystallization, SC). Pyroclastic rocks around Kilistra ancient city comprise two different sub-units: the unwelded, lower pyroclastic unit (LPU) and the welded, upper pyroclastic unit (UPU). Following cycles of F-T and SC tests, we observed an increase in porosity values, but a decrease in uniaxial compressive strength values, which was more evident in unwelded-LPU samples. Also, the significant macroscopic textural changes occurred in LPU samples, linked to their unwelded nature. However, physico-mechanical features of both LPU and UPU samples were not significantly changed after W-D tests. Altogether, our findings show that welding degree is one of the main factors controlling weathering and physico-mechanical properties of pyroclastic rocks, and also F-T and SC are more effective processes than W-D on weathering. Accordingly, our approach here could be used to protect the endangered historical structures carved into pyroclastic rocks around the world. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.