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    The extradural subtemporal keyhole approach to the sphenocavernous region: Anatomic considerations
    (GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG, 2003) Kocaogullar, Y; Avci, E; Fossett, D; Caputy, A
    Fourteen cadaver specimens (28 sides) and twelve dry human skulls (24 sides) were used to study the anatomic relationships between bony, neurovascular and foraminal landmarks in the floor of the middle fossa in preparation for performing the extradural subtemporal keyhole approach to the sphenocavernous region. The interforaminal distance was largest between the foramina rotundum (FR) and ovale (FO) and was smallest between the FO and foramen spinosum (FS). The largest angle between exit foramen was the FIR to FO. The greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN) was always found to overlie and run parallel to the petrous internal carotid artery, however, its location over the artery and its separation from it by bone was variable. With a subtemporal "keyhole" placed above the posterior zygomatic root (PZR), a 0degrees endoscope allowed easy visualization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and the mandibular nerve (V-3) however, a 30degrees endoscope was more useful for visualizing the maxillary nerve (V-2) and the ophthalmic nerve (V-2). With a sphenoidotomy performed between V-1 and V-2, the 30degrees endoscope was found to be the most useful for visualizing the carotid siphon and the contralateral wall of the sphenoid sinus, while the 70degrees endoscope was the most useful for visualizing of the floor of the Sella and the walls of the sphenoid sinus. Two venous concerns with respect to performing endoscopic approaches to the region were identified: a fibrous layer overlies a heavy venous plexus that encircles the petrous carotid artery, and the foramen Vesalius, which transmits a large emissary vein draining the cavernous sinus, was identified medial to the FO in 30% of our dissected sides.