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    Effect of Wheel Slip on Soil Compaction
    (1993) Carman, K.
    The effect of the driving wheel of farm machinery at different slip rates on soil compaction was examined. The greatest values of soil bulk density and penetrometer resistance were found at the slip rate of 16.6%. The amount of surface sinkage in the soil increased with increasing slip rate. Variance analysis of the bulk density, penetrometer resistance and surface sinkage values showed that the effect of levels of slip rate was statistically different. -from English summary
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    Effect of Wheel Traffic on Soil Compaction
    (1993) Carman, K.
    At present, increasing tractor number and the wrong application techniques have increased the wheel traffic and the cost of agricultural production. The effect of tractor axle load, inflation pressure of tyre and number of passes on bulk density and penetration resistance of soil was studied. Increasing tractor axle load, the inflation pressure of tyre and number of passes increased the bulk density and penetration resistance of soil to a depth of 200 mm. The greatest amount of soil compaction was found at the first pass. -from English summary
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    Prediction of soil compaction under pneumatic tires a using fuzzy logic approach
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2008) Carman, K.
    Artificial intelligence systems are widely accepted as a technology offering an alternative way to tackle complex and ill-defined problems. They can learn from examples, are fault tolerant in the sense that they are able to handle noisy and incomplete data, are able to deal with non-linear problems, and once trained call perform prediction and generalization at high speed. Compared with traditional approaches, fuzzy logic is more efficient in linking the multiple inputs to a single output in a non-linear domain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tire working parameters and soil compaction characteristics, and to illustrate how Fuzzy expert system might play an important role in prediction of soil. All experimental values were collected from soil bin. The trials were conducted in different tire types, vertical loads, inflation pressures and forvard velocities. In this paper, a sophisticated intelligent model, based on Mamdani approach fuzzy modeling principles, was developed to predict the changes in penetration resistance, final pressure and bulk density of soil due to wheel traffic. The verification of the proposed model is achieved via various numerical error criteria. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). (C) 2008 ISTVS. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAFFLOWER STALK
    (AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS, 2009) Oezbek, O.; Seflek, A. Y.; Carman, K.
    General physical properties, bending stress, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, shearing stress, and specific shearing energy were determined for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stalks. Test specimens were taken front two locations of the stalk: front the bottom and front the top region. Experiments were conducted in five different moisture contents of stalk. The bending stress decreased with increasing moisture content. The average bending stress value varied between 54.02 and 13.81 MPa. The modulus of elasticity in bending decreased with increases at the moisture content and the modulus of elasticity increased towards the top region. The average modulus of elasticity varied between 439.49 and 95.62 MPa. The modulus of tangent in compressing decreased as the moisture content increased. The average tangent modulus varied between 31.39 and 6.35 daNmm(-1). The shearing stress and the specific shearing energy increased with increasing moisture content. The maximum shearing stress and the specific shearing energy were 1.37 MPa and 94.64 mJmm(-2) respectively. Both the shearing stress and specific shearing energy were found to be higher in the bottom region of the stalk.
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    Wheat Production Using Direct Seeding, Reduced Tillage and Conventional Tillage in Middle Anatolia
    (SCIENTIFIC ISSUES NATL CENTRE AGRARIAN SCIENCES, 2012) Marakoğlu, T.; Carman, K.
    The objective of this study was to examine wheat production using direct seeding, reduced tillage and conventional tillage in Middle Anatolia during the years of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. In the experiment, two tillages and the direct seeding were used. All tillage methods and the direct seeding were applied in the dry fanning conditions. The effect of treatments on mean emergence dates, percentage of emerged seedling, fuel consumptions and wheat yield were measured. From the data, power requirement and field efficiency of each method were calculated. The highest fuel consumption was measured in the conventional method as 46.11 ha(-1) whereas the lowest value was found in the direct seeding method as 10.7 l ha(-1). Fuel consumption of the conventional method required four times more fuel than the direct seeding method. The best result for wheat yield was found in the direct seeding as 3388.9 kg ha(-1) in 2008. The lowest wheat yield was found in the conventional method as 2290 kg ha(-1) in 2007. The direct seeding gives the best result for fuel consumption, effective power requirement, field efficiency and wheat yield. In the dry farming condition, the direct seeding methods can be proposed for wheat production in the Middle Anatolia.