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Öğe A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT PRODUCTION UNDER DIFFERENT TILLAGE PRACTICES IN MIDDLE ANATOLIA OF TURKEY(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2017) Marakoglu, Tamer; Carman, KazimConservation tillage practices results in lower energy consumption as well as soil erosion protection, structural damage control, and a reduction in time and energy required for seedbed preparation. Different soil tillage practices were examined in 2013-2014 production year on clay soil entisol. The treatments were carried out in natural field conditions with four soil tillage treatments. The tillage treatments were: moldboardplow + discharrow + roller + seeding (T1), vertical shaft rotory tiller + roller + seeding (T2), winged chisel + roller + seeding (T3) and no-till (direct seeding) (T4). Wheat yield parameters and energy indices (net energy gain, energy productivity) were recorded. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) among the treatments in terms of energy indices and for wheat yield and biomass values. It was found that T4 had the highest grain and biomass yield and T2 had the lowest. T3 had the lowest energy productivity and energy use efficiency and T4 had the highest. The least energy consumed for wheat produced was 3.63 Mj kg(-1) for T4 and the most was 4.71 Mj kg(-1) for T2. The highest energy use efficiency were in the T4 (11.56), and followed by T2 (9.80). It was concluded that T4 was the most efficient overall in the Middle Anatolia.Öğe THE EFFECTS DIFFERENT TILLAGE TREATMENTS ON SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS AND DUST CONCENTRATION IN SEMI-ARID CENTRAL ANATOLIA(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2017) Seflek, Ali Yavuz; Marakoglu, Tamer; Carman, KazimThe traditional method of agriculture is generally harmful to the environment as it involves procedures such as burning wastes and deep soil tillage for weed control. Tillage results in the release of particulate matter (PM) from soil. Improper soil tillage methods and techniques can increase soil erosion, and ultimately cause degradation of soil. In this study, we measured dust concentration (PM10) generated by alternative soil tillage implementations and examined its relationships with mean weighted diameter, stability index, and surface roughness. Considering alternative soil tillage treatments, mean weighted diameter, shearing stress, stability index, and surface roughness values were found to be in the range of 5.25-11.57 mm, 0.34-0.618 N cm(-2), 2.24-3.80, and 8.2%-29.0%, respectively. Dust concentration generated by different soil tillage treatments were determined to be between 49.19 and 143.45 mg m(-3). The effects of tillage treatments on dust concentration were found to be significant (P < 0.01). A 22.6% increase in soil moisture resulted in 40.8% decrease in dust concentration. The correlation coefficients indicating the relationships of dust concentration with mean weighted diameter, shearing stress, and stability index were calculated as 0.94, 0.81, and 0.94, respectively.Öğe Effects of Some Properties of Drive Tires Used in Horticultural Tractors on Tractive Performance(ANKARA UNIV, FAC AGR, 2017) Ekinci, Serafettin; Carman, KazimMany studies on tractive performance of tractor tires have been carried out to solve soil-wheel interaction problems in the last decades. The purpose of this study is to experimentally determine effects on tractive performance of radial and bias-ply drive tires at three different tire lug heights, axle loads and inflation pressures. The experiments were carried out in stubble field conditions. To obtain sufficient performance data, a new single wheel tester was designed and manufactured. Travel reduction, net traction ratio and tractive efficiency varied from 3.3% to 34.1%, 0.24 to 0.93 and from 0.27 to 0.78 respectively depending on drawbar pull. The effects of tire type, lug height, dynamic axle load and inflation pressure on tractive efficiency were found significant (P<0.01) by the performed variance analysis and LSD tests. Radial tires provide better tractive performance compared with bias-ply tires. The tractive efficiency increased especially with increasing dynamic axle load and decreased with increasing tire inflation pressure. Tire dynamic axle load was the major contributory factor on tractive performance as compared with other independent variables. For a given drawbar pull, it was observed that tractive efficiency of radial tire can be maximized by selecting appropriate levels of lug height, dynamic axle load and inflation pressure.Öğe Energy balance of direct seeding applications used in wheat production in middle Anatolia(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2010) Marakoglu, Tamer; Carman, KazimIn the present study, which was conducted at Polatli agricultural farms, three different applications were used for wheat production. These were conventional tillage, reduced tillage and direct seeding applications. It was found that seed energy had the highest percentage of use among the portions of total input energy. Seed energy was followed by fertilizer, diesel-oil, chemicals and machinery, respectively. When the energy input/output ratio was taken into consideration, the highest rate was obtained as 2.81 through direct seeding application and this was followed by conventional tillage application with a decrease of 8.49% and reduced tillage application, with a decrease of 18.06% respectively. Consequently, it was put forth that direct seeding applications can also be used in wheat production.Öğe Investigation and modeling of the tractive performance of radial tires using off-road vehicles(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Ekinci, Serafettin; Carman, Kazim; Kahramanli, HumarIn order to utilize energy in the most efficient way in off-road vehicles, soil wheel interaction should be investigated carefully since considerable amount of energy is lost due to tractive performance. In this study, the effects of radial tire on tractive performance at three different tire lug heights, axle loads and inflation pressures were experimentally determined. To obtain sufficient performance data, a new single wheel tester was designed and manufactured. Prior to experiments, properties of stubble field were determined. The tractive efficiency was found to increase with increasing dynamic axle load while decreasing with increasing tire inflation pressure. Dynamic axle load of the tire was the major contributory factor in the traction performance as compared with other independent variables. Seven different Artificial Neural Network and two types of Support Vector Regression models have been designed to predict the tractive efficiency. To evaluate the success of system, various statistical measures such as Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Squared Error and Coefficient Determination have been used. The results show that the Artificial Neural Network model trained using Levenberg Marquardt algorithm has produced more accurate results. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe LONG - TERM EFFECT OF REDUCED TILLAGE ON CO2 EMISSION(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2015) Marakoglu, Tamer; Carman, KazimReduced tillage is widely used among conservation tillage treatments thanks to its reduced field traffic and lower fuel consumption. The fact that this method causes less CO2 emission when compared to conventional tillage makes reduced tillage prominent in terms of environment and sustainability of soil resources. This study analyzed the effects of conventional and reduced tillage on CO2 emission throughout wheat production period. In conventional tillage (moldboard plough-cultivator + rotary harrow combination), two horizontal axis rotary tiller and one vertical axis rotary tiller were used. After tillage applications, mean weight diameter of soil, penetration resistance, stubble burying ratio, CO2 emission after tillage varied between 9.54 - 6.53 mm, 0.91 - 1.32 MPa, 52.78% - 70.37, 0.42 - 0.84 gm(-2)h(-1) respectively. Total CO2 emission of each treatment in the period from tillage to harvest varied between 2149 - 2301 kg/da. Analysis of variance on total emission values showed that the difference between the treatments was significant (P<0.01). There was a significant relationship between penetration resistance of soil, tillage depth, and CO2 emission (P<0.01). Analysis of the treatments in terms of CO2 emission revealed that machine with horizontal axis I type tilling foot was more appropriate.Öğe Measurements and modelling of wind erosion rate in different tillage practices using a portable wind erosion tunnel(LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY, 2016) Carman, Kazim; Marakoglu, Tamer; Taner, Alper; Mikailsoy, FarizArtificial intelligence systems are widely accepted as a technology providing an alternative method to solve complex and ill-defined problems. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a technique with a flexible mathematical structure, which is capable of identifying a complex nonlinear relationship between the input and output data. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between dust concentration and wind erosion rate, and to illustrate how ANN might play an important role in the prediction of wind erosion rate. Data were recorded via field experiments by using a portable field wind tunnel. The experiments were carried out for eight different tillage applications that include the conventional, six different reduced tillage and the direct seeding practices. Particulate matter (PM) concentration generally decreased with a decrease in number or intensity of tillage operations. Direct seeding resulted in the lowest PM,, concentration. After tillage applications, wind erosion rate varied between 113 and 1365 g m(-2) h(-1). Results showed that wind erosion rate was lower in direct seeding than in conventional and reduced tillage applications. In this paper, a sophisticated intelligent model, based on a 1-(8-5)-1 ANN model with a back-propagation learning algorithm, was developed to predict the changes in the wind erosion rate due to dust concentration occurring during tillage. In addition, the prediction of the model was made according to traditional methods of wind erosion rate by using the programme Statistica, version 5. The verification of the proposed model was carried out by applying various numerical error criteria. The ANN model consistently provided better predictions compared with the nonlinear regression-based model. The relative error of the predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). Based on the results of this study, ANN appears to be a promising technique for predicting wind erosion rate.Öğe NON-LINEAR MODELLING TO DESCRIBE THE WIND EROSION RATE IN DIFFERENT TILLAGE PRACTICES(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2018) Mikailsoy, Fariz; Carman, Kazim; Ozbek, OsmanSoil erosion is a growing problem in Turkey and particularly in the Middle Anatolia, the biggest semi arid agricultural production area with great agricultural activity. Soil erosion not only decreases agricultural productivity, but also reduces the water availability in region. Nonlinear regression models are important tools because many crop and soil processes are better represented by nonlinear than linear models. Fitting nonlinear models is not a single-step procedure but an involved process that requires careful examination of each individual step. The purpose of this study was to develop a wind erosion rate prediction models by dust concentration measurement during the soil tillage. The models have a modified form of growt curve. The experiments were carried out for eight different tillage practices that include the conventional, six different reduced tillage and the direct seeding practices. To collect the data under controlled wind conditions but on in situ soils, a portable wind erosion tunnel was designed and utilised during field experiments. Eight different non-linear models were used for predicted of wind erosion rate as depending on dust concentration in tillage. While 6 of these models were taken from the available sources, two models were developed by us. The wind erosion prediction models derived from dust concentration data showed a good agreement with the measured data with R-2 = 92.52 ... 93.74 %. The mean absolute percentage error of the predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%) in existing non linear model 6 and, developed non linear models 7 and 8. Based on predictive performance criteria, developed semi-empirical non linear model 8 appears to be a promising technique for predicting wind erosion rate.