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    Equilibrium Study on the Extraction of Levulinic Acid from Aqueous Solution with Aliquat 336 Dissolved in Different Diluents: Solvent's Polarity Effect and Column Design
    (AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2017) Datta, Dipaloy; Marti, Mustafa Esen; Pal, Dharm; Kumar, Sushil
    In the present study, the reactive extraction of levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid) was investigated by using Aliquat 336 in various organic solvents [benzene, dichloromethane (DCM), dodecane, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1-octanol] from dilute aqueous solution. Equilibrium data obtained at 298 K and 101.325 kPa were used to determine the values of distribution coefficient (K-D), degree of extraction (E%); loading factor (Z), and complexation constants (K-E). Among the diluents tested, DCM gave the highest extraction efficiency. Using 0;5454 mol.kg(-1) of Aliquat 336 in DCM, KD and E% were obtained as 2.082 and 67.55%, respectively, at 0.2795 mol.kg(-1) initial acid:concentration in the aqueous solution. Z values were found to be between 0.033 and 1.628, depending on the nature of the diluent-used and Aliquat 336 concentration in the organic phase. Using mass action law modeling, the stoichiometry of the extraction reaction was determined, It was observed that mostly, 1:1, 2:1, and 3: types of complexes were formed. The results inferred that the polarity and the molecular size of the solvent were the important critical factors which decide the solubilization of the solvates in the organic phase: DCM was found to be the most appropriate solvent among tested ones for the reactive extraction of levulinic acid. The feasibility of the extraction process was also assessed by calculating the minimum solvent (extractant + diluent) to feed ratio and the number of theoretical stages required for the recovery of levulinic acid in the extraction column.
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    Extraction of levulinic acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate and tri-n-octylamine in 1-octanol: Column design
    (ELSEVIER, 2016) Datta, Dipaloy; Marti, Mustafa Esen; Uslu, Hasan; Kumar, Sushil
    The reactive extraction of levulinic acid using two different extractants [tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and tri-n-octylamine (TOA)] dissolved in 1-octanol was investigated at 298 K. Using the equilibrium data, the distribution coefficient (K-D), extraction efficiency (%E) and loading ratios (Z) were calculated. TOA provided highest K-D values with 1-octanol. A maximum K-D was obtained as 9.571 using 0.689 mol/kg TOA while 90.54 % of the initial levulinic acid was extracted. Increasing the initial acid concentration resulted in a decrease in the extraction efficiency. Loading ratios were found to be less than 1 for TBP while both types, i.e. 1:1 and 2:1 acid-amine complexes were expected to form with TOA. The feasibility of the extraction process was assessed by calculating minimum solvent to feed ratio required for 90% recovery of levulinic acid, number of theoretical stages, height and diameter of the extraction column. (C) 2016 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.