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Öğe ANCIENT KAREZ SYSTEM AS A SUSTAINABLE TOOL FOR IRRIGATION AND WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL AFGHANISTAN(HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT ASSOC, 2017) Himat, Abobakar; Dogan, SelimAncient Karez is sustainable and environmentally friend irrigation and water supply system in rural Afghanistan. By operating Karez system there would not be decline in underground water table. The water of Karez is fresher, cooler and cleaner; there is no need for any water treatment. Afghanistan has approximately 33 million population which most of them % 80 live in rural regions. The rural inhabitants are poorer than the urban inhabitants. The life of rural inhabitants are dependent on agriculture and livestock. The inhabitants of rural communities use the Karez system for irrigation, livestock, drinking and domestic water use as well. Afghanistan is landlocked country and located in arid and semi-arid climate region. The south and southwestern of Afghanistan has arid climate, in these arid regions most of the Karez systems remained from ancient times, which some of them damaged and destroyed during the three decade of war and prolonged drought. For Karez viability there is need for adequate precipitation and suitable alluvial fan areas. Precipitation as snow melting during the year and feeds the mother well of Karez system. Karez is an ancient hydraulic engineering technology, which is common in arid climatic zones for irrigation and water supply purposes. Karez is hand-digging system, which is digs by professional Karez digging person (Karezkan). In rural communities, there is no modern water supply systems, inhabitants of rural communities have to manage water by their community's rules. Some of them dig Karezes and wells for irrigation and domestic water supply. In this study, we assess the importance of Karez system in rural Afghanistan.Öğe COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN VARIOUS HYDROLOGICAL MODELS FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: ROBUSTNESS AND SUITABILITY(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Dogan, Selim; Berktay, AliMany hydrological models have been developed by researchers to simulate watersheds' hydrologic behavior. In the aspect of robustness and suitability of models to a certain watershed depends on the watershed's conditions which are flatness, storage capacity of surface, climate, precipitation distribution and water table level. The success of model predictions related with the selection of the model which will be used for certain watershed. This comparative study investigates various hydrological models' strengths and weaknesses of the respects of cost indication, climatic conditions and hydrological regimes, sensitivity analysis, ability to be used with other models, availability in the market, spatial and temporal resolution and needed user skills. In the light of this comparative study; SWAT, HSPF and HEC-HMS models have been achieved the best results within these respects. Therefore these models may be applied to Salt Lake Basin for further development of this study.Öğe COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLOW REGIMES FOR THE EXAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS(HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT ASSOC, 2017) Ates, Havva; Dogan, Selim; Berktay, AliThe management of the water resources is an important issue in the countries around the world because it depends on many variables. Prior to the growing environmental awareness, flow rate and regime are critical components of water supply, water quality, and the ecological integrity of river systems. Environmental flow may be described as the required stream flow quantity to support the ecological activity in a river system. While environmental flow assessment provides protection and use balance over the water resources and it also reduces the natural and artificial effects that caused of deterioration of the natural condition of the rivers. There are only a few environmental flow assessment studies in Turkey. In this paper, daily flow data has been used to determine the flow regimes in order to have some idea about the environmental flow. For this purpose, common methods such as original Tennant method, modified Tennant method, wetted perimeter method, 7Q10 and Q95 have been examined. Daily flow data has been obtained from three gauging stations located in Great Menderes Basin. The first one (07-30) is unregulated, the second is regulated (07-04) and the third one is indirectly regulated (07-71) gauging stations. As a result of this study, particular methods have more reliability and might be more appropriate for each case. The modified Tennant method could be selected as the most practical method for the measured data of flow rates in unregulated gauging station. Q95 method can be used for the other two stations.Öğe Comparison of multi-monthly rainfall-based drought severity indices, with application to semi-arid Konya closed basin, Turkey(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Dogan, Selim; Berktay, Ali; Singh, Vijay P.Many drought indices (DIs) have been introduced to monitor drought conditions. This study compares Percent of Normal (PN), Rainfall Decile based Drought Index (RDDI), statistical Z-Score, China-Z Index (CZI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Effective Drought Index (EDI) to identify droughts in a semi-arid closed basin (Konya), Turkey. Comparison studies of DIs under different climatic conditions is always interesting and may be insightful. Employing and comparing 18 different timesteps, the objective of comparison is twofold: (1) to determine the effect of timestep for choosing an appropriate value, and (2) to determine the sensitivity of DI to timestep and the choice of a DI. Monthly rainfall data obtained from twelve spatially distributed stations was used to compare DIs for timesteps ranging from 1 month to 48 months. These DIs were evaluated through correlations for various timesteps. Surprisingly, in many earlier studies, only 1-month time step has been used. Results showed that the employment of median timesteps was essential for future studies, since 1-month timestep DIs were found as irrelevant to those for other timesteps in arid/semi-arid regions because seasonal rainfall deficiencies are common there. Comparing time series of various DI values (numerical values of drought severity) instead of drought classes was advantageous for drought monitoring. EDI was found to be best correlated with other DIs when considering all timesteps. Therefore, drought classes discerned by DIs were compared with EDI. PN and RDDI provided different results than did others. PN detected a decrease in drought percentage for increasing timestep, while RDDI overestimated droughts for all timesteps. SPI and CZI were more consistent in detecting droughts for different timesteps. The response of DI and timestep combination to the change of monthly and multi-monthly rainfall for a qualitative comparison of severities (drought classes) was investigated. Analyzing the 1973-1974 dry spell at Beysehir station, EDI was found sensitive to monthly rainfall changes with respect to cumulative rainfall changes, especially more sensitive than other DIs for shorter timesteps. Overall, EDI was consistent with DIs for various timesteps and was preferable for monitoring long-term droughts in arid/semi-arid regions. The use of various DIs for timesteps of 6, 9, and 12 months is essential for long term drought studies. 1-month DIs should not be used solely in comparison studies to present a DI, unless there is a specific reason. This investigation showed that the use of an appropriate timestep is as important as the type of DI used to identify drought severities. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES OF KONYA CLOSED BASIN AND CONDITION OF TUZ LAKE(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2009) Dogan, Selim; Ture, Hasan; Berktay, AliThe average pattern of weather, called climate, usually stays pretty much the same for centuries if it is left to itself. However, the earth is not being left alone. There is now very strong evidence that significant global warming can't be explained by natural causes alone. Humans are changing the climate by their actions, especially through emissions of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, which artificially warm the atmosphere of the earth. Scientific studies showed that climate change is fact not a myth or speculation. The meteorology of Konya Closed Basin which covers pretty large area in central Turkey has been analyzed in this paper. Required data for the analyses acquired from the sixteen meteorological stations located in Konya Closed Basin for the period of 1975-2008. The meteorological variables such as pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind velocity are selected to explain basin's meteorology in detail. Especially analyses of temperature and precipitation data are indicator to understand global warming effects. Another aim of this study is to show the shrinkage of Tuz (Salt) Lake which is situated in north part of Konya Closed Basin. Water quantity is getting low day by day and the surface of Tuz Lake shrinks gradually.Öğe Peer review report 1 On "INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ASSESSING STREAMFLOW AND PRECIPITATION ALTERATIONS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: APPLICATION IN THE NIGER RIVER BASIN"(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2015) Dogan, Selim[Abstract not Available]Öğe Wastewater reuse in Turkey: From present status to future potential(IWA Publishing, 2020) Nas, Bilgehan; Uyanik, Sinan; Aygün, Ahmet; Dogan, Selim; Erul, Gürsel; Nas, K. Batuhan; Turgut, Sefa; Cop, Mustafa; Dolu, TaylanThe Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023. © IWA Publishing 2020