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    An Application of Landsat-5TM Image Data for Water Quality Mapping in Lake Beysehir, Turkey
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2010) Nas, Bilgehan; Ekercin, Semih; Karabörk, Hakan; Berktay, Ali; Mulla, David J.
    The main goal of this study was to investigate spatial patterns in water quality in Lake Beysehir, which is the largest freshwater reservoir in Turkey, by using Landsat-5TM (Thematic Mapper) data and ground surveys. Suspended sediment (SS), turbidity, Secchi disk depth (SDD), and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) data were collected from 40 sampling stations in August, 2006. Spatial patterns in these parameters were estimated using bivariate and multiple regression (MR) techniques based on Landsat-5TM multispectral data and water quality sampling data. Single TM bands, band ratios, and combinations of TM bands were estimated and correlated with the measured water quality parameters. The best regression models showed that the measured and estimated values of water quality parameters were in good agreement (0.60 < R (2) < 0.71). TM3 provided a significant relationship (R (2) = 0.67, p < 0.0001) with SS concentration. MR between chl-a and various combinations of TM bands showed that TM1, TM2, and TM4 are strongly correlated with measured chl-a concentrations (R (2) = 0.60, p < 0.0001). MR of turbidity showed that TM1, TM2, and TM3 explain 60% (p < 0.0001) of the variance in turbidity. MR of SDD showed a strong relationship with measured SDD, with R (2) = 0.71 (p < 0.0001) for the ratio TM1/TM3 and TM1 band combinations. The spatial distribution maps present apparent spatial variations of selected parameters for the study area covering the largest freshwater lake and drinking water reservoir in Turkey. Interpretation of thematic water quality maps indicated similar spatial distributions for SS, turbidity, and SDD. A large area in the middle portion of the lake showed very low chl-a concentrations as it is far from point and nonpoint sources of incoming nutrients. The trophic state index values were calculated from chl-a and SDD measurements. Lake Beysehir was classified as a mesotrophic or eutrophic lake according to chl-a or SDD parameters, respectively.
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    Mapping chlorophyll-a through in-situ measurements and Terra ASTER satellite data
    (SPRINGER, 2009) Nas, Bilgehan; Karabork, Hakan; Ekercin, Semih; Berktay, Ali
    This paper presents an application of water quality mapping through real-time satellite and ground data. The Lake Beysehir which is the largest freshwater lake and drinking water reservoir in Turkey was selected as the study area. Terra ASTER satellite image is used as remote sensing data source for water quality mapping in addition to simultaneously performed in-situ measurements. Ground data is collected simultaneously with the ASTER overpass on June 09, 2005 over the Lake Beysehir. The spatial distribution map is developed by using multiple regression (MR) technique for water quality parameter, which is chlorophyll-a (chl-a). The results indicate that simultaneous ground and satellite remote sensing data are highly correlated (R (2) > 0.86). In the image processing step, geometric correction, image filtering and development of water quality map procedures are performed with the ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS 9.0 software. The trophic status of Lake Beysehir is considered to be oligotrophic with an average 1.55 A mu g/l chl-a concentration.
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    Seasonal and spatial variability of metals concentrations in Lake Beysehir, Turkey
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2009) Nas, Bilgehan; Berktay, Ali; Aygun, Ahmet; Karabork, Hakan; Ekercin, Semih
    Lake Beysehir is the largest fresh water lake and also the largest reservoir for drinking, and irrigation water in Turkey. The lake has an area of 656 km2 with an average depth of 5 m. Metal concentrations of aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in Lake Beysehir on 9 June and 19 August 2005, and 12 June and 22 August 2006. The water samples were collected from 40 sampling stations. The aim of this research is to determine metal concentrations and their seasonal and spatial variability in the lake. Generally, metal concentrations of Lake Beysehir were found to decrease in the sequence of Fe Al Zn Cr Ni Pb Cu Cd as 92.8, 81.8, 7.4, 2.7, 2.2, 1.9, 1.7 and 0.5 g L-1, respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of the metals in the lake water did not exceed WHO (World Health Organization), US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) or TWQCR (Turkish Water Pollution and Control Regulations) drinking water guidelines. On the other hand, maximum levels of metals sporadically exceeded these standards in some sampling stations, especially for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb.