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    Effect of Viscum album L. ssp. austriacum (WIESP.) Vollman on metronidazole resistant and sensitive strains of Trichomonas vaginalis
    (ELSEVIER, 2019) Ozpinar, H.; Ozpinar, N.; Eruygur, N.
    Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a parasitic protozoan that causes trichomoniasis. Metronidazole is the standard treatment for trichomoniasis; however, metronidazole-resistant strains are implicated in an increasing number of refractory cases. Therefore, the discovery of an antiprotozoal agent that is effective on metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis will prevent major health problems. In this study, we investigated the antiprotozoal effects of leaf, fruit and body extracts of Viscum album L. ssp. austriacum (VA) on metronidazole-resistant and - sensitive T. vaginalis protozoa. The VA used in our study was collected from 20 different pine trees in September and October. The leaves, fruits and bodies of the VA plants collected were separated and dry extracts were obtained with hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water. The minimum lethal dose (MLD) of the metronidazole-sensitive strain, T. vaginalis ATCC50148 and themetronidazole-resistant strain, T. vaginalis ATCC50143 against metronidazole was tested in comparison with the plant extracts. In addition, GC-MS analysis was performed on the plant extracts that has antiprotozoal effects. Some of the substances identified from GC-MS analysis were purchased commercially and their antiprotozoal effects were further investigated. The VA leaf and fruit ethyl acetate extracts and body butanol extract had the most effect on T. vaginalis. GC-MS qualitative analysis detected 2,4-heptadienal, 3-methylsilane, and 2-methylfuran. Of these substances, only 2-methylfuran was found to be effective on T. vaginalis strains. Our findings suggest that the 2-methylfuran found in Viscum album L. ssp. austriacum extracts may be an alternative chemotherapeutic agent to metronidazole. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Screening the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic activities of endemic Achillea cucullata (Asteraceae) ethanol extract
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Eruygur, N.; Koçyiğit, U. M.; Taslimi, P.; Ataş, M.; Tekin, M.; Gülçin, I.
    The Achillea genus belongs to the Asteraceae family, which is mostly found in the northern hemisphere and is comprised of 115 species in the world. In Turkish flora, there are 52 species and 58 taxa, among them half of which are recorded as endemic. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no biological activity studied in this species until now, with the exception of one study of the antimicrobial activity of certain essential oils. This study focused primarily on the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibition activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Turkish endemic Achillea cucullata by in vitro methods. The extract exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 132.55 +/- 0.026 mu g/mL, the total phenol content was 53.807 +/- 0.059 (mg GAE/g), and the total flavonoid content was 21.372 +/- 0.026 (mg QE/g), on the dry-weight basis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by a micro-dilution method focused on five microorganisms; two Gram-positive [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)], two Gram-negative [Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)], and one fungal strain [Candida albicans (ATCC 10231)]. Results show that the MIC value for the tested microorganism was higher than 5 mg/mL. In this work, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and alpha-glucosidase enzymes were strongly inhibited by the A. cucullata extract, and the IC50 values for these enzymes were 2.4 mu g/mL, 0.26 mu g/mL, and 24.75 mu g/mL, respectively. Certain acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the past. alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors are strong drug candidates, as well as potential functional food agents, for deferring the postprandial absorbency of glucose. (c) 2018 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.