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Öğe Effect of Different Treatments on Branching of Some Apple Trees in Nursery(SPRINGER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Arikan, Seyma; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, AhmetThis study was conducted to determine effect of different treatments on branching of one-year-old 'Fuji', 'Granny Smith' and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' trees which grafted on M9 rootstock. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas BA-8) strain, 6aEuroBenzyl Adenin (BA) and pinching were used to promote branching. The BA (300 ppm) and BA-8 (10(9)CFU/ml) were applied to first twenty centimeters of the top part of trees. The BA, BA-8 and Pinching was applied to trees at 75 cm in length. According to our results, BA-8 and pinching increased number of branches compared to control and BA treatments for all cultivars. BA-8 increased number of branches in 'Fuji', 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 'Granny Smith' from 2.71, 1.70 to 4.25 branches/tree, respectively while pinching increased 1,95 branches/tree in 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 4,01 branches/tree. The highest branch's angle was obtained from BA-8 bacteria in 'Fuji' (64.46A degrees), and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' (52.08A degrees) and 'Granny Smith' (56.91A degrees). BA-8 bacteria treatment was found alternative practice instead of pinching in terms of branching performance.Öğe Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Fe Acquisition in Peach (Prunus Persica L) Under Calcareous Soil Conditions(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2018) Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Sahin, Murat; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude FigenThe effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 were tested on peach cv. Elegant Lady' on GF677 and Nemaguard rootstocks. Average increases in citric, malic, oxalic, butyric and fumaric acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 33.1, 17.5, 21.7, 26.5, and 44.7% in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard, respectively. FF1 showed the highest FC-R activity in the roots of Nemaguard (112.4nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and GF677 (162nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). The highest FC-R activity in the leaf was with MFDCa2 in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard (57.1nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and 637Ca in Elegant Lady/GF677 (87.9nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). PGPR strains used in this study expressed increased leaf organic acid content, FC-R activity in the roots and leaf, increased active Fe content in the leaf, and possessed a great potential for the improvement of iron availability to plants.Öğe The effects of autumn foliar applications of boron and urea on flower quality, yield, boron and nitrogen reserves of apricot(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2017) Karlidag, Huseyin; Esitken, Ahmet; Turan, Metin; Atay, SalihIn order to determine the effects of autumn foliar application of boron (B) and/or urea on abortive flower ratio, yield, fruit weight, total soluble solid (TSS) and B and nitrogen (N) contents of reserves of non-irrigated apricot trees, field experiments were carried out between 2009 and 2012 in Malatya province of Turkey. The application of B and/or urea stimulated perfect flower development, B and N accumulation and resulted in significant yield increase. Boron, urea and B+urea applications increased fruit yield by 33.1%, 26.1% and 26.9%, decreased abortive flower ratio by 34.6%, 27.1% and 35.9% compared to the control, respectively. In addition, B and N contents of wood, bark and buds of apricot trees were significantly increased by B and/or urea treatments. It was also observed that B and N contents were the highest in bud compared to wood and bark in all treatments. The highest B (16.53 ppm) and N (1.56%) contents were determined to buds in B+urea treatment. The results of this study suggest that autumn foliar B and/or urea application have the potential to decrease abortive flower ratio and increase the yield and B and N contents of reserves of apricot trees under non-irrigated conditions.Öğe Effects of Floral and Foliar Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield, Growth and Nutrition of Sweet Cherry(Elsevier, 2006) Esitken, Ahmet; Pırlak, Lütfi; Turan, Metin; Şahin, FikrettinDuring 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU- 142 were tested alone or combinations on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. 0900 Ziraat in terms of yield, growth, nutrient composition of leaves in the province of Konya, Turkey. The presence of Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increase. Floral and foliar applications of BA-8, OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 in sweet cherry significantly increased yield per trunk cross-sectional area (16.3, 10.9 and 21.7%), fruit weight (4.15, 5.37 and 1.24%) and shoot length (11.3, 11.8 and 29.6%), respectively, compared with the control. In addition, N, P and K contents of sweet cherry leaves with BA-8, OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 treatments, Fe and Zn contents of leaves with BA-8 + OSU- 142 treatment and Mn content of the leaves of sweet cherry with BA-8 and OSU-142 applications significantly increased. Nitrogen, P and K contents in leaves were determined to be increased from 2.00, 0.17 and 0.43% in the control to 2.19, 0.20 and 0.54% by BA-8 application, to 2.32, 0.24 and 0.54% by OSU-142 application and to 2.43, 0.22 and 0.51% by BA-8 + OSU-142 application, respectively. Co-inoculation of BA-8 + OSU-142 increased Fe and Zn contents of leaves up to 50.5 and 35.5% compared with the control, respectively. Manganese content of leaves significantly also increased by BA-8 (26.6%) and OSU-142 (27.0%) applications compared with the control. The results of the present study suggested that Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU-142 alone or in combination have a great potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition of sweet cherry plant.Öğe Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth, lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees(HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD, 2012) Karlidag, Huseyin; Esitken, AhmetBetween 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivars 'Granny Smith' and 'Gloster', and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in 'Granny Smith' and 'Gloster', respectively. Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in 'Granny Smith' and 20 cm in 'Gloster' gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in 'Granny Smith' (10.75) and 'Gloster' (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in 'Granny Smith' and 'Gloster', respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both 'Granny Smith' (11.295 kg tree(-1)) and 'Gloster' (4.818 kg tree(-1)). The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.Öğe Effects of Interstock (M9) Length Grafted onto MM106 Rootstock on Sylleptic Shoot Formation, Growth and Yield in Some Apple Cultivars(ANKARA UNIV, FAC AGR, 2014) Karlidag, Huseyin; Aslantas, Rafet; Esitken, AhmetIn this study, branching effects of interstock lengths (15 and 30 cm) of M9 on MM106 rootstock were tested on Golden Delicious and Granny Smith cultivars. In addition, vegetative growth and cumulative yield were determined between 2003 and 2010. The results showed that increased interstock length significantly decreased sapling and tree growth but increased lateral branching in both cultivars. The tallest trees were in the control (176.5 and 186.5 cm) and the shortest trees were in the 30 cm interstock length (147.5 and 162.6 cm) in Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, respectively. The highest number of lateral shoot was obtained from 30 cm interstock length in Golden Delicious (3.67) and Granny Smith (5.33) while there was no lateral shoot formation in the control. The highest cumulative yield was obtained from 30 cm interstock length as 21.77 kg tree(-1) in Golden Delicious and 19.18 kg tree(-1) in Granny Smith. The results suggested that M9 as a interstock have the potential to induce growth reduction, branching and early fruit bearing especially in sustainable and organic fruit production systems in apple.Öğe EFFECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES AND GRAFTING METHODS ON THE GRAFTING SUCCESS AND GROWTH OF BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra L.)(WYDAWNICTWO AKAD ROLNICZEJ W LUBLINIE, 2016) Zenginbal, Hamdi; Esitken, AhmetThis research was conducted to determine the effects of three grafting methods (chip budding, side and splice grafting) and topical applications on graft scion of IBA (0 and 4000 ppm) and three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains (Bacillus subtilus-OSU142, Bacillus megatorium-M3 and Burkholderia gladia-BA7) on graft success and plant growth in black mulberry sapling production. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Bolu, Turkey in 2014 and 2015. The black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) were used for grafting scions. Two-year old white mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedling were used for rootstocks. The results showed that in general all of the bacterial strains and IBA had significant effects on all parameters tested in graft scion compared with the control. Application of 4000 ppm IBA and Bacillus megatorium-M3 increased the success graft take rate (74.44 and 72.22%, respectively), graft sprouting rate (61.11 and 60.00%, respectively), graft shoot diameter (6.21 and 5.70 mm, respectively) and graft shoot length (35.50 and 35.31 cm, respectively). Grafting methods had significant effect for all parameters and grafting methods increased the graft success. The best graft take rates (75.33 and 70.67%, respectively), graft sprouting rates (62.67 and 57.33% respectively), graft shoot diameter (5.56 and 5.88 mm, respectively) and graft shoot length (34.14 and 37.86 cm, respectively) were obtained from splice grafting and chip budding methods. In conclusion, the present study showed that 4000 ppm IBA and PGPR strains (especially M3 and OSU142) increased the graft success of black mulberry graft. The PGPR application may be of benefit for grafting in mulberry cultivars, particularly for organic farming. Besides, splice grafting and chip budding were found to be successful to black mulberry plant production.Öğe A Field Survey of Promising Mulberry (Morus spp.) Genotypes from Turkey(SPRINGER, 2017) Turemis, Nurgul; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, Ahmet; Erdogan, Ummugulsum; Tumer, Aytac; Imrak, Burhanettin; Burgut, AysegulIn this study the mulberry population in the Mediterranean and Eastern Anatolia Turkey was examined with regard to fruit properties. The research material consisted of uncultivated mulberry (Morus spp.) trees. Thirty five mulberry genotypes for table, 6 genotypes for fruit juice, 11 genotypes for syrup (pekmez) and 9 genotypes for drying, were selected, 32 of which belonged to Morus alba, 12 to Morus rubra and 8 genotypes to Morus nigra. Continued and more detailed selection studies with this population of genotypes are necessary to provide material that is suitable for future breeding efforts. It may also be possible to select some of this native material that has sufficient commercial value to justify its release to growers.Öğe Floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to apples increases yield, growth, and nutrient element contents of leaves(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2007) Pirlak, Lutfi; Turan, Metin; Sahin, Fikrettin; Esitken, AhmetDuring 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU-142 were tested alone or in combination on apple (Malus domestica L.) cvs. 'Starkrimson' and 'Granny Smith' in terms of yield, growth, and nutrient composition of leaves in the province of Karaman, Turkey. The presence of Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and BA-8+OSU-142 stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increases in both cultivars. Floral and foliar applications of PGPR strains significantly increased yield per trunk cross-section area (13.3-118.5%), fruit weight (4.2-7.5%), shoot length (20.8-30.1%), and shoot diameter (9.0-19.8%) in 'Starkrimson' and yield per Trunk Cross Sectional Area (TCSA; 14.9%) and fruit weight (6.5-8.7%) in 'Granny Smith' compared with the control. In addition, all nutrient elements' contents (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn) investigated in both cultivars, except Mg in 'Starkrimson', were significantly affected by bacterial applications when compared with the control. The highest N content was obtained from BA-8+OSU-142 application in cvs. 'Starkrimson' (2.29%) and 'Granny Smith'. (2.33%). Phosphorus contents of leaves of 'Starkrimson' and 'Granny Smith' increased from 0.21 and 0.20% in the control to 0.26 and 0.24% by BA-8 application, to 0.28 and 0.24% by OSU-142 application and to 0.25 and 0.26% by BA-9+ OSU-142 application, respectively. BA-8 application in 'Starkrimson' (1.90%) and OSU-142 applications.in 'Granny Smith' (2.90%) significantly increased Ca content of leaves. The results of this study suggest that Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU-142 alone or in combination have the potential to increase the yield, growth, and nutrition of apple trees.Öğe Fruit Bio-thinning by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) in Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn(A B ACADEMIC PUBL, 2009) Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Ipek, Muzaffer; Donmez, M. Figen; Cakmakci, Ramazan; Sahin, FikrettinDuring 2006 and 2007, fruit thinning effects of three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB) strains (Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R2(3) and Bacillus T7) and NAA (10 and 20 ppm) were tested in apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in terms of fruit setting, yield, fruit weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity and shoot length in the province of Konya, Turkey. Bacterial strains were sprayed at 7, 14 and 21 days after full bloom, and NAA was sprayed at 21 days after full bloom. The results showed that NAA and bacterial treatments decreased fruit setting and number of fruit per tree at various ratios in both cultivars. The lowest fruit setting cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn were obtained from 20 ppm NAA treatment in both years. Among the bacterial treatments R2(3) (24.1% in 2006 and 39.1% in 2007) in Golden Delicious and R2(3) (11.6% in 2006) and T7 (17.3% in 2007) in Braeburn gave the lowest fruit setting ratio while fruit setting ratio in Golden Delicious and Braeburn were 36.7 and 46.2% (2006) and 12.8 and 28.2% (2007) in the control, respectively. The highest fruit number was found from the control in both cultivars and years. Fruit yield was significantly decreased in Golden Delicious by NAA treatments but not affected in Braeburn by thinning. The highest yield was found from the control in cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years. However, fruit weight was significantly increased by NAA and bacterial treatments. While the lowest fruit weight was in the control in both cultivars and years, the highest fruit weight was in R2(3) in Golden Delicious (164.6 g in 2006) and T7 (138.7 g in 2006) and OSU-142 (173.5 g in 2007) treatments in Braeburn. Treatments of R2(3) and T7 significantly increased fruit firmness in Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years, respectively compared with the control. NAA and bacterial applications also significantly increased TSS in Braeburn but not Golden Delicious. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R2(3) and Bacillus T7 have the potential to be used as fruit thinning agents under organic and sustainable growing conditions on apple.Öğe Morphological diversity among pomegranate genetic resources from Northeastern part of Turkey(WFL PUBL, 2013) Orhan, Emine; Ercisli, Sezai; Esitken, AhmetThis research was conducted in the Coruh Valley located in Northeastern part of Turkey. The valley is accepted one of the 34 hotspots in terms of plant biodiversity in the world. Pomegranate cultivation in this region is one of the main agricultural activities with viticulture. In spite of importance and richness of pomegranate biodiversity from this region, local germplasm of this region has not been investigated yet. For this reason pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) population of c. 10,000 seedling shrubs was examined with regard to morphological fruit properties. In the first year of the study, 56 promising pomegranate genotypes were selected from the valley. There was huge morphological variation among genotypes, in terms of particular fruit color, fruit weight, fruit dimensions, aril color and fruit firmness. The genotypes exhibited a range of 147-769 g for fruit weight, 65.19-107.08 mm for fruit width, 56.84-96.93 mm for fruit length, 2.69-6.05 mm peel thickness and 14.8-49.8 kg/cm(2) fruit firmness. The selected promising genotypes were preserved in a collection parcel as perspective parental genotypes for future breeding activities.Öğe Physiological Responses of Cherry Rootstocks to Short Term Salinity(SPRINGER, 2018) Aras, Servet; Esitken, AhmetThe physiological responses of cherry rootstocks were evaluated under moderate salinity in short term. MaxMa 14, CAB-6P and Mazzard rootstocks were treated with 35 mM NaCl solution for 1 month to assess physiological responses. Under NaCl stress, rootstocks' physiological parameters were compared with their own control, with the greatest alterations in SPAD value, leaf relative water content (LRWC), membrane permeability and stomatal conductivity. SPAD value was reduced by 9.5, 2.17 and 2.27% in saline-treated plants of MaxMa 14, CAB-6P and Mazzard, respectively. MaxMa 14 and CAB-6P exhibited a rapid decrease in stomatal conductivity by 39.90 and 47.60%, respectively compared with their control, while in Mazzard there was a reduction by 5.28% compared with its control. Moreover, LRWC of the plants decreased by 11.24 and 13.75% in salt-treated MaxMa 14 and CAB-6P, respectively. In comparison, a lower reduction of LRWC (6.11%) was observed in NACl-treated Mazzard. As seen in the result of experiment, the inhibitory effects of NaCl were less in Mazzard compared with MaxMa 14 and CAB-6P.Öğe Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced leaf organic acids, FC-R activity and Fe nutrition of apple under lime soil conditions(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Ipek, Muzaffer; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, MetinIron chlorosis in the calcareous soils is one most important stress factors worldwide that limits photosynthesis and decreases fruit yield and quality. Certain soil rhizobacteria produce organic compounds such as plant acids and they may reduce the soil rhizosphere pH and affect ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity in root. However, there is no knowledge regarding changes in organic acids content and FC-R activities of leaf due to rhizobacterial root inoculation. Therefore, the efficiency of six plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were tested on apple cv. Braeburn on M9 and MM106 rootstocks. The results of the experiment showed leaf organic acid contents, iron quantity of soil, root and leaf and root and leaf FC-R activity were significantly affected via rhizobacteria applications in apple plants. In MM106 and M9, there was a remarkable increase in Fe in M3 inoculated soil by 95 and 89%, respectively, compared to control. Average increases in citric, malic, malonic, butyric and lactic acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 25.1, 21.8, 29.6, 18.0 and 18.2% in Braeburn/MM106, respectively. In Braeburn/M9, MFDCa1 application increased all organic acid concentrations compared to the control. MFDCa2 treatment caused the maximum leaf FC-R activity in Braeburn on M9 and MM106 (60.9 and 50.3 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively) while the least values were determined in the control (33.5 and 29.9 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively). This study showed the bacterial strains tested in our study may be used as a biofertilizer instead of Fe fertilizers.Öğe PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) INCREASE YIELD, GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF STRAWBERRY UNDER HIGH-CALCAREOUS SOIL CONDITIONS(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2014) Ipek, Muzaffer; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, Ahmet; Donmez, M. Figen; Turan, Metin; Sahin, FikrettinPlant growth promoting effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1 and Bacillus M3 were tested on strawberry cv. Aromas' based on yield, number, and weight of fruit, leaf area, vitamin C, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and ionic composition of leaves under calcareous soil conditions. The results demonstrated that all of bacterial treatments significantly affected all parameters tested. The best result was obtained from 637Ca treatment, which significantly increased fruit yield, number and weight about 47.5, 34.7, and 9.4%, respectively, compared to control. Except for magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the leaf, the concentrations of all plant tissue nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B)] were significantly increased by bacterial treatments tested. The data in the present study showed that all bacterial treatments including Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1, and Bacillus M3 to strawberry plants can ameliorative the deleterious effect of high lime on fruit yield, growth and nutrition. These results suggested that plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments could be offer an economic and simple means to increased plant resistance for high calcareous soil conditions.Öğe Polypeptide Alteration During The Cold Stratification In Mazzard Seed(SPRINGER, 2018) Aras, Servet; Arslan, Emine; Esitken, Ahmet; Kilic, MerveMany seeds of woody plants require low temperature for germination and that's called seed dormancy has been investigated for relations of proteins by several researchers. We determined polypeptide profiles of cold-stratified Mazzard seeds. Seeds were studied in five different periods: seeds in dormancy (none stratified), 30, 60, 90 and 120 days cold-stratified. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) of the soluble protein fractions from stratified and none stratified seeds was utilized for determination of changes in polypeptides. SDS-PAGE revealed a decrease in the concentrations of 14 polypeptides and appearance of four low-molecular weight (15.1, 16.3, 17.8 and 19.4 kDa) polypeptides were determined in 90 and 120 day stratified seeds. The study results exhibited the evidences of the involvement of protein changes in response of Mazzard seeds during cold stratification.Öğe Promising Native Summer Apple (Malus Domestica) Cultivars From North-Eastern Anatolia, Turkey(Sir Publishing, 2003) Pırlak, Lütfi; Güleryüz, Muharrem; Aslantaş, Rafet; Esitken, AhmetThis study was conducted on summer apple (Malus domestica) trees growing wild in the Coruh Valley, north-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The research material consisted of uncultivated summer apple trees. Out of 250, 10 trees not infected by apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) were selected. Fruit characteristics of these superior types were evaluated. The ranges of fruit characteristics determined for the selected types were: 49.5-152.2 g fruit weight, 42.8-65.3 mm fruit length, 52.3-75.7 mm fruit width, 10.3-13.8% total soluble solids, 4.88-7.44 mg vitamin C/100 g, 0.19-1.43% total acidity (as malic acid), 9.33-12.06% total sugar, and 6.31-8.94% reducing sugar. Some selections ripening in mid July should be compared with common summer apple cultivars for their agronomic characteristics or used as breeding partners for further breeding efforts.Öğe Response of Yield, Growth and Iron Deficiency Chlorosis of 'Santa Maria' Pear Trees on Four Rootstocks(UNIV AGR SCI & VETERINARY MED CLUJ-NAPOCA, 2016) Ikinci, Ali; Bolat, Ibrahim; Ercisli, Sezai; Esitken, AhmetThis study was conducted on the 'Santa Maria' pear (Pyrus communis L.) budded on various rootstocks: pear seedling (Pyrus communis L.) and three quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstocks, respectively 'BA 29', 'QA' and 'QC', under calcareous soil and semi-arid conditions, during 2004-2012. The results showed that the highest cumulative yield per ha (53.1 t ha(-1)), fruit weight (304.1 g), fruit volume (337.2 cm(3)), fruit flesh firmness (22.3 lb.) and titratable acidity (0.21%) was obtained from trees on 'BA 29' rootstock. The highest soluble solids content (15.8%), cumulative yield per tree (78.08 kg tree(-1)), trunk cross sectional area (79.03 cm(2)) and the lowest titratable acidity (0.18 %) were obtained from pear seedling. The most vigorous trees were grown on pear seedling, followed by 'BA 29', 'CIA' and 'QC' rootstocks. The 'Santa Maria' pear variety's leaf chlorophyll content on all rootstocks fell during the study period up to 60 DAFB compared with 30 DAFB. It was found that leaf chlorophyll and Fe contents were higher in trees on pear seedling and 'BA 29' rootstocks and lower in those on 'QA'.Öğe Root plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculations increase ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity and Fe nutrition in pear under calcareous soil conditions(ELSEVIER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, MetinIron deficiency occurring in calcareous soil is a problem in various plants. It is well known that some soil bacteria can release organic acids that can decrease the pH of the soil rhizosphere. However, there have been no attempts to study the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including organic acid releasing bacteria, on the organic acid contents of the leaf and FC-R activity in the roots and leaves under calcareous soil conditions. Therefore, pear plants were inoculated with 6 bacterial strains with the aim of acquiring iron under calcareous conditions. Uniform 1-year-old pear cv. Deveci sapling grafted on BA-29 and OHF-333 rootstocks were planted in plastic pots containing 10 L of loamy soil at 29.6% CaCO3. All bacteria were applied to the roots as an inoculation before planting. The root and leaf Fe content, FC-R activity, leaf organic acids, and soil Fe content were compared in the Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 strains. The study showed that the leaf organic acid content and the Fe content in the soil, root and leaf were significantly affected by the bacterial treatments in pear plants. It was determined that the total and active Fe in the leaf was higher in OHF-333 compared to BA-29 by 7% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the leaf FC-R activity of Deveci on OHF-333 was 8% higher than that on BA-29. In the Deveci/BA-29 plants, the 637Ca treatment had the highest root FC-R activity value (107 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FW h(-2)). The highest leaf FC-R activity value was obtained from the MFDCa1, MFDCa2 and FF1 treatments (58.4, 56.3 and 55.7 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FWh(-2), respectively). The bacterial strains used in the present study have an important potential to be used as a biofertilizer to replace the use of iron fertilizers. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.