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Öğe Determination of deterioration of the main facade of the Ferit PaAYa Cistern by non-destructive techniques (Konya, Turkey)(SPRINGER, 2018) Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Tosunlar, M. Bahadir; Hatir, M. Ergun; Korkanc, MustafaBuilding stones have long been one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Building stones used in historical monuments are deteriorated partly or completely depending on the environmental and atmospheric effects. In recent years, non-destructive test methods have been used to assess deterioration of building stones used in historical monuments. Godene stone is one of the building stones being widely used in the historical buildings in the Konya region, Central Anatolia. The most deterioration effects are observed in the Ferit PaAYa Cistern among the historical structures built with Godene stone in the region. The aim of this study is to assess the deteriorating effects in the street fa double dagger ade of the Ferit PaAYa Cistern via non-destructive testing methods (Schmidt hardness rebound value, P-wave velocity, humidity measurement and thermal imaging) and create maps of deteriorated features. Turkey's historic places are integrated to Turkish culture, efforts are made to conserve heritage through rehabilitation. Therefore, this study will help developers and federal managers during the project planning stage by providing technical data.Öğe Effect of salt crystallization on weathering of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia, Turkey(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2017) Ozsen, Hakan; Bozdag, Ali; Ince, IsmailSalt crystallization is the most significant factor in the degradation of the natural stones used in cultural and historical structures. Stones decay partially or fully as a result of this exposure. This study is the investigation of the degradation of historical monuments (underground cities and semiunderground settlements) carved in pyroclastic rocks in Cappadocian Region which takes part in World Cultural Heritage List. Samples of pyroclastic rocks were collected from six different quarries in Cappadocia, Turkey. To understand the contribution of salt crystallization to this weathering, dry weight loss (DWL) tests were performed on these samples. To investigate the correlations between salt crystallization and other rock properties, porosity, water absorption, ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and point load index were also measured. During the SC process of weathering, the results showed that porosity and water absorption increased for all the samples whereas ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and point load index values decreased. Evaluation of the data obtained from these tests showed very high logarithmic correlations between the dry weight loss values and the mechanical properties.Öğe The effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles on the Godene travertine used in historical structures in Konya (Turkey)(ELSEVIER, 2016) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Fener, Mustafa; Taskiran, Taha; Kayabali, KamilTravertine, a building material used around the globe for its decorative and easy-to-be-worked features from past to present, is naturally exposed to the freeze-thaw (F-T) process in cold regions in winters. As a result of this process, building stones deteriorate partially or completely. The greatest factor during the F-T process is the existence of water. The water contained in the body (in discontinuities and pores) of a building stone freezes along with the fall of temperature below 0 degrees C. Following freezing, the volume of water contained in discontinuities and pores increases. New fractures develop on the surfaces of pores as a result of outward pressure due to this increase in volume. As the temperature drops below 0 degrees C, the volume of water increases again, due to freezing. This process repeats itself with the decrease and increase in temperature and causes undesired deteriorations in the bodies of stones. This issue is quite important from the point of view of preservation and restoration of historical buildings, and foreseeing the effects of the F-T process on new buildings to be designed. In this study, the effects of the F-T process on Godene travertine were investigated. Godene travertine is a stone that has been widely used in historical buildings in Konya, a city that also covers catal Hoytik, which is known as one of the oldest human settlements in Anatolia. The stone is still being used in buildings constructed in the region. Fresh travertine stones obtained from the quarry were exposed to freeze and thaw cycles in different numbers. Values of porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (sigma(u)), point load strength (I-s(50)), Brazilian tensile strength (sigma(t)), Bohme abrasion loss (BA) and P wave velocity (V-p) were statistically evaluated and thus, the effects of the number of cycles on basic physical and mechanical characteristics of the Godene stone were investigated. Furthermore, deteriorations that took place in historical structures in the region were case-studied. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of the freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle on the andesitic rocks (Sille-Konya/Turkey) used in construction building(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Feuer, Mustafa; Ince, IsmailStones used in the construction of cultural and historical buildings are exposed to various direct or indirect atmospheric effects depending on climatic and seasonal conditions. Stones deteriorate partially or fully as a result of this exposure. Therefore, the historicity of these buildings cannot withstand long. The freeze-thaw (F-T) process is one of the prominent conditions of this kind. Water penetration into the building stone via capillarity promotes weathering. When the temperature falls below 0 degrees C, the water freezes in the pores and tiny cracks of the building stones, causing volume expansion and exerting pressure on the stones. This cycle occurs most in areas where the temperature fluctuates above and below freezing often and causes and induces undesired weathering within the building stones. The Konya city, having been an old settlement province from 9000 B.C., encompasses quite valuable ancient buildings. Andesitic rocks, which are called Sille Stone in the region, were used in most of these buildings. In this study, fresh andesitic rocks obtained from the stone quarry were tested in five F-T cycles in the laboratory. Textural changes that occurred in the deteriorated stones were examined by a polarizing microscope. Changes in porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (sigma(u)), point load strength (I-S(50)), Brazilian tensile strength (sigma(t)), Bohme abrasion loss (BA), and ultrasonic velocity were statistically evaluated, and the effects of the number of F-T cycles on basic physical and mechanical properties of the stone were determined. In addition, weathering effects in the historical buildings constructed from the Sille andesite were investigated. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF THE DOGANHISAR CLAY BEDS (CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY)(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Aksoy, Rahmi; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Huseyinca, M. YavuzThe geology and the mineralogy of the clay beds (Doganhisar clays) located southeast of Doganhisar (central Anatolia, Turkey) were studied, Rock units found in and adjacent to the Doganhisar clay beds include metamorphic rocks of pre-Triassic age of the Sultandaglari Massif, the Miocene Ayaslar Formation and the Pliocene Doganhisar Formation as well as alluvium The Lower (?)-Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Caltepe Formation forming the base of the metamorphic rocks is composed of recrystallized limestone and dolomite. The upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Sultandede Formation conformably overlies the Caltepe Formation. The Middle-Upper Devonian Engilli Formation unconformably overlies the Sultandede Formation and consists predominantly of metaquartzite. It is conformably overlain by the Lower-Middle Carboniferous Kirazli Formation. It is vertically and laterally graded upward in to the Lower-Middle Carboniferous Harlak Formation. Neogene cover units consist of alluvial fan and lacustrine deposits. Metamorphic rocks have undergone regional metamorphism under low grade metamorphic condition and three phases of deformation during the Alpine orogeny. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis were used to study the clay mineralogy. Illite and kaolinite, with lesser amount of chlorite dominate the mineral composition.Öğe GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF DOGANHISAR CLAYS CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Ince, Ismail; Aksoy, Rahmi; Huseyinca, M. YavuzThis study discusses the results of geotechnical investigation carried out on Doganhisar clays in Central Anatolia, Turkey, originated from the weathering of metamorphic basement rocks. The clays of this location constitute an interesting area for researchers due to their geology, thickness, and very high overconsolidation values. In the area, clay deposits are unusually thick, varying from 10 m to 60 in in thickness. For this study, geotechnical investigations were carried out with laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples from seven sites. Geotechnical study indicates that the clays have natural water content range of 6% to 21%, liquid limit range of 27% to 47%, plastic limit range of 13% to 23%, and plasticity index range of 12% to 30%. Doganhisar clays have a medium to high plasticity. Shrinkage limit and specific gravity of clays vary between 10-19% and 2.6-2.8, respectively. The internal friction angle and cohesion vary between 9 degrees-29 degrees and 103-259 kN/m(2), respectively. The consolidation tests show that the swelling pressures and the swelling percents are between 4-10 kN/m(2) and 0.84%, respectively. The composition and geotechnical properties of Doganhisar clays indicate that they are potentially suitable for ceramic and refractory production.Öğe HISTORICAL GRANARIES AT TASKALE (TURKEY) UNDER RISK: A GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS(UNIV AGEAN, DEPT MEDITERRANEAN STUD, 2018) Korkanc, Mustafa; Ince, Ismail; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. BahadirGranaries are bioclimatic conservation structures with various forms using in different countries. In the past, granaries have been an important structure in both the storage and conservation of products (such as like wheat, barley, oats). According to the historical documents, the Taskale village includes the studied granaries have been using as a settlement area since the Byzantine period. Recently, rockfalls have observed on the walls of the northeastern parts of these historical granaries. The geological and geotechnical features of the rock units used in these areas were determined to understand such problems. In the field, the rocks with different colours and textural characteristics have taken into account and sampling has carried out from three different levels. Laboratory studies were conducted for determining the mineralogical, chemical, petrographic and geomechanical properties. The granaries in the region carved in the fossiliferous reefal limestones and clayey-sandy limestones. These limestone levels are more sensitive to atmospheric conditions than the overlaying travertine. The aim of the study is to provide geotechnical data to use in the conservation processes of the ancient Taskale granaries.Öğe HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEYSEHIR LAKE AND ENVIRONS(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Bozdag, Ali; Bayram, A. Ferhat; Ince, IsmailThe most important creeks discharging to the Beysehir Lake (Sarisu, Ustunler, Ebulvefa, Eflatun) and their drainage area form the southeast basin of the lake. In this study will be given briefly the rocks in these basins and their hydrochemical relation with surface and subsurface water The Lower - Middle Cambrian Caltepe formation comprises of dolomite, crystallized limestone and nodular limestone, occurs at the basement and, has reservoir rock characteristics. The Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician Seydisehir formation overlies conformably the Caltepe formation and comprises of schist, phillite and shale bearing limestone and quartzite lenses in places. The Anamasdagi formation which is the most important reservoir rock in the study area has widespread outcrops around the lake and rest unconformable on the Seydisehir formation. It is composed of conglomerate, marl, sandstone, ferric bauxite, dolomite, limestone and, is Upper Jurassic - Upper Cretaceous in age. The Hoyran complex comprising of serpantinite, pyroxenite, harzburgite, dunite, diabase and chromites emplaced tectonically over the abovementioned units. This unit has outcrops starting from northern part of the Beysehir lake extending approximately in the NNW- SSE direction up to the Yesildag town located at the south of the lake. Besides, the Eocene Buyukkopru formation comes unconformable on these units and, begins at the bottom, with the red marl and continues with mudstone - claystone - turbiditic sandstone. The Toprakli formation is made up of partially consolidated pebble, sand and clay and, covers all the abovementioned units. Karstification and their size in the limestone which are widespread in the basin and which are mostly forming the reservoir rock were interpreted by means of their chemical analysis results. The permeability of alluvial sediments was determined with sieve analysis. The variations in the water level of the lake were interpreted statistically. The chemical analysis results of surface and spring water were evaluated in different diagrams and the possibly of these water as being drinkable and usable were searched.Öğe NEOTECTONIC FEATURES OF THE CAVUSCUGOL GRABEN (CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY)(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Huseyinca, M. Yavuz; Aksoy, Rahmi; Ince, IsmailThe aim of this study is to elucidate the neotectonic characteristics of the Cavuscugol graben. The Cavuscugol graben is 3-8 km wide 28 km long. It is a N-S trending actively evolving extensional structure containing infills of fluvial sediments of Pliocene-Quaternary age. The Cavuscugol graben is bounded on both sides by oblique-slip normal faults. These faults trend N-S and named as Ilgin Fault on the west and Tekeler Fault on the east. The footwall side of the faults are composed of the pre-Late Cretaceous metamorphic rocks and the Miocene-Pliocene fluviolacustrine sediments. Field studies indicated that the graben has been developed as a result of E-W extension since Upper Pliocene.Öğe A prediction model for uniaxial compressive strength of deteriorated pyroclastic rocks due to freeze-thaw cycle(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Ince, Ismail; Fener, MustafaEither directly or indirectly, building stone is exposed to diverse atmospheric interactions depending on the seasonal conditions. Due to those interactions, objects of historic and cultural heritage, as well as modern buildings, partially or completely deteriorate. Among processes involved in rock deterioration, the freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle is one of the most important. Even though pyroclastic rocks have been used as building stone worldwide due to their easy workability, they are the building stone most affected by the F-T cycle. A historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey, Cappadoia encompasses exceptional natural wonders characterized by fairy chimneys and unique historical and cultural heritage. Human-created caves, places of worship and houses have been dug into the pyroclastic rocks, which have in turn been used in architectural construction as building stone. Using 10 pyroclastic rock samples collected from Cappadocia, we determined the rock's index mechanical properties to develop a statistical model for estimating percentage loss of uniaxial compressive strength a critical parameter of F-T cycle's important value. We used dry density (rho(d)), ultrasonic velocity (V-p), point load strengths (I-S(50)), and slake-durability test indexes (I-d4) values of unweathered rocks in our model, which is highly reliable (R-2 = 0.84) for predetermination of percentage loss of uniaxial compressive strengths of pyroclastic rocks without requiring any F-T tests. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe The relationship between weathering and welding degree of pyroclastic rocks in the Kilistra ancient city, Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey)(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Bozdag, Ali; Bayram, A. Ferat; Ince, Ismail; Asan, KursadPyroclastic rocks used in both historical and modern structures are inevitably exposed to various weathering processes, leading to damage and destruction of them. To reduce the effects of weathering caused by various atmospheric effects, geologists need to know what processes are more effective and how they affect rock bodies. In this study, our aim is to show the relationship between the weathering and welding degree of pyroclastic rocks, sampled around the Ancient City of Kilistra in Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey). For this purpose, we conducted field trips, and used petrographic and laboratory techniques such as, physico-mechanical tests and accelerated weathering tests (i.e., Freeze-Thaw, F-T; Wetting-Drying, W-D and Salt Crystallization, SC). Pyroclastic rocks around Kilistra ancient city comprise two different sub-units: the unwelded, lower pyroclastic unit (LPU) and the welded, upper pyroclastic unit (UPU). Following cycles of F-T and SC tests, we observed an increase in porosity values, but a decrease in uniaxial compressive strength values, which was more evident in unwelded-LPU samples. Also, the significant macroscopic textural changes occurred in LPU samples, linked to their unwelded nature. However, physico-mechanical features of both LPU and UPU samples were not significantly changed after W-D tests. Altogether, our findings show that welding degree is one of the main factors controlling weathering and physico-mechanical properties of pyroclastic rocks, and also F-T and SC are more effective processes than W-D on weathering. Accordingly, our approach here could be used to protect the endangered historical structures carved into pyroclastic rocks around the world. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
