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Öğe Effect of Different Treatments on Branching of Some Apple Trees in Nursery(SPRINGER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Arikan, Seyma; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, AhmetThis study was conducted to determine effect of different treatments on branching of one-year-old 'Fuji', 'Granny Smith' and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' trees which grafted on M9 rootstock. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas BA-8) strain, 6aEuroBenzyl Adenin (BA) and pinching were used to promote branching. The BA (300 ppm) and BA-8 (10(9)CFU/ml) were applied to first twenty centimeters of the top part of trees. The BA, BA-8 and Pinching was applied to trees at 75 cm in length. According to our results, BA-8 and pinching increased number of branches compared to control and BA treatments for all cultivars. BA-8 increased number of branches in 'Fuji', 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 'Granny Smith' from 2.71, 1.70 to 4.25 branches/tree, respectively while pinching increased 1,95 branches/tree in 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 4,01 branches/tree. The highest branch's angle was obtained from BA-8 bacteria in 'Fuji' (64.46A degrees), and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' (52.08A degrees) and 'Granny Smith' (56.91A degrees). BA-8 bacteria treatment was found alternative practice instead of pinching in terms of branching performance.Öğe Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Fe Acquisition in Peach (Prunus Persica L) Under Calcareous Soil Conditions(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2018) Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Sahin, Murat; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude FigenThe effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 were tested on peach cv. Elegant Lady' on GF677 and Nemaguard rootstocks. Average increases in citric, malic, oxalic, butyric and fumaric acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 33.1, 17.5, 21.7, 26.5, and 44.7% in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard, respectively. FF1 showed the highest FC-R activity in the roots of Nemaguard (112.4nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and GF677 (162nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). The highest FC-R activity in the leaf was with MFDCa2 in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard (57.1nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and 637Ca in Elegant Lady/GF677 (87.9nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). PGPR strains used in this study expressed increased leaf organic acid content, FC-R activity in the roots and leaf, increased active Fe content in the leaf, and possessed a great potential for the improvement of iron availability to plants.Öğe Fruit Bio-thinning by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) in Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn(A B ACADEMIC PUBL, 2009) Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Ipek, Muzaffer; Donmez, M. Figen; Cakmakci, Ramazan; Sahin, FikrettinDuring 2006 and 2007, fruit thinning effects of three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB) strains (Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R2(3) and Bacillus T7) and NAA (10 and 20 ppm) were tested in apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in terms of fruit setting, yield, fruit weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity and shoot length in the province of Konya, Turkey. Bacterial strains were sprayed at 7, 14 and 21 days after full bloom, and NAA was sprayed at 21 days after full bloom. The results showed that NAA and bacterial treatments decreased fruit setting and number of fruit per tree at various ratios in both cultivars. The lowest fruit setting cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn were obtained from 20 ppm NAA treatment in both years. Among the bacterial treatments R2(3) (24.1% in 2006 and 39.1% in 2007) in Golden Delicious and R2(3) (11.6% in 2006) and T7 (17.3% in 2007) in Braeburn gave the lowest fruit setting ratio while fruit setting ratio in Golden Delicious and Braeburn were 36.7 and 46.2% (2006) and 12.8 and 28.2% (2007) in the control, respectively. The highest fruit number was found from the control in both cultivars and years. Fruit yield was significantly decreased in Golden Delicious by NAA treatments but not affected in Braeburn by thinning. The highest yield was found from the control in cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years. However, fruit weight was significantly increased by NAA and bacterial treatments. While the lowest fruit weight was in the control in both cultivars and years, the highest fruit weight was in R2(3) in Golden Delicious (164.6 g in 2006) and T7 (138.7 g in 2006) and OSU-142 (173.5 g in 2007) treatments in Braeburn. Treatments of R2(3) and T7 significantly increased fruit firmness in Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years, respectively compared with the control. NAA and bacterial applications also significantly increased TSS in Braeburn but not Golden Delicious. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R2(3) and Bacillus T7 have the potential to be used as fruit thinning agents under organic and sustainable growing conditions on apple.Öğe Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced leaf organic acids, FC-R activity and Fe nutrition of apple under lime soil conditions(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Ipek, Muzaffer; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, MetinIron chlorosis in the calcareous soils is one most important stress factors worldwide that limits photosynthesis and decreases fruit yield and quality. Certain soil rhizobacteria produce organic compounds such as plant acids and they may reduce the soil rhizosphere pH and affect ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity in root. However, there is no knowledge regarding changes in organic acids content and FC-R activities of leaf due to rhizobacterial root inoculation. Therefore, the efficiency of six plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were tested on apple cv. Braeburn on M9 and MM106 rootstocks. The results of the experiment showed leaf organic acid contents, iron quantity of soil, root and leaf and root and leaf FC-R activity were significantly affected via rhizobacteria applications in apple plants. In MM106 and M9, there was a remarkable increase in Fe in M3 inoculated soil by 95 and 89%, respectively, compared to control. Average increases in citric, malic, malonic, butyric and lactic acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 25.1, 21.8, 29.6, 18.0 and 18.2% in Braeburn/MM106, respectively. In Braeburn/M9, MFDCa1 application increased all organic acid concentrations compared to the control. MFDCa2 treatment caused the maximum leaf FC-R activity in Braeburn on M9 and MM106 (60.9 and 50.3 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively) while the least values were determined in the control (33.5 and 29.9 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively). This study showed the bacterial strains tested in our study may be used as a biofertilizer instead of Fe fertilizers.Öğe PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) INCREASE YIELD, GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF STRAWBERRY UNDER HIGH-CALCAREOUS SOIL CONDITIONS(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2014) Ipek, Muzaffer; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, Ahmet; Donmez, M. Figen; Turan, Metin; Sahin, FikrettinPlant growth promoting effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1 and Bacillus M3 were tested on strawberry cv. Aromas' based on yield, number, and weight of fruit, leaf area, vitamin C, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and ionic composition of leaves under calcareous soil conditions. The results demonstrated that all of bacterial treatments significantly affected all parameters tested. The best result was obtained from 637Ca treatment, which significantly increased fruit yield, number and weight about 47.5, 34.7, and 9.4%, respectively, compared to control. Except for magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the leaf, the concentrations of all plant tissue nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B)] were significantly increased by bacterial treatments tested. The data in the present study showed that all bacterial treatments including Alcaligenes 637Ca, Staphylococcus MFDCa-1, MFDCa-2, Agrobacterium A18, Pantoea FF1, and Bacillus M3 to strawberry plants can ameliorative the deleterious effect of high lime on fruit yield, growth and nutrition. These results suggested that plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments could be offer an economic and simple means to increased plant resistance for high calcareous soil conditions.Öğe Regeneration and Histological Analysis of Regeneration in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stand.)(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2009) Mendi, Yesim Yalcin; Ipek, Muzaffer; Buzkan, Nihal; Kancar, Yildiz Aka; Curuk, SebahattinTwo different types of explant (proximal and flamingo-bill) from Emphasis seedlings, a hybrid cultivar of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stand.). germinated under dark and light conditions were cultured on 9 regeneration MS media containing various combinations of BA (0, 1.0. and 2.0 mg l(-1)) and IAA (0, 0.25, and 0.5 mg l(-1)). Comparison of the explant types showed that the flamingo-bill type explant had better shoot formation than did the proximal explant. The MS medium containing 1 mg l(-1) of BA was optimal for shoot formation capacity when flamingo-bill type explants germinated in the dark (44%) and light (36%) were used. Histological analysis showed that explant cell division began after 3 days in regeneration medium and formation of primordium was observed in the tissues in culture between days 5 and 7. Differentiation of meristimatic structures was first observed after 9 days and development completed after 9-12 days in the culture.Öğe Root plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculations increase ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity and Fe nutrition in pear under calcareous soil conditions(ELSEVIER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, MetinIron deficiency occurring in calcareous soil is a problem in various plants. It is well known that some soil bacteria can release organic acids that can decrease the pH of the soil rhizosphere. However, there have been no attempts to study the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including organic acid releasing bacteria, on the organic acid contents of the leaf and FC-R activity in the roots and leaves under calcareous soil conditions. Therefore, pear plants were inoculated with 6 bacterial strains with the aim of acquiring iron under calcareous conditions. Uniform 1-year-old pear cv. Deveci sapling grafted on BA-29 and OHF-333 rootstocks were planted in plastic pots containing 10 L of loamy soil at 29.6% CaCO3. All bacteria were applied to the roots as an inoculation before planting. The root and leaf Fe content, FC-R activity, leaf organic acids, and soil Fe content were compared in the Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 strains. The study showed that the leaf organic acid content and the Fe content in the soil, root and leaf were significantly affected by the bacterial treatments in pear plants. It was determined that the total and active Fe in the leaf was higher in OHF-333 compared to BA-29 by 7% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the leaf FC-R activity of Deveci on OHF-333 was 8% higher than that on BA-29. In the Deveci/BA-29 plants, the 637Ca treatment had the highest root FC-R activity value (107 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FW h(-2)). The highest leaf FC-R activity value was obtained from the MFDCa1, MFDCa2 and FF1 treatments (58.4, 56.3 and 55.7 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FWh(-2), respectively). The bacterial strains used in the present study have an important potential to be used as a biofertilizer to replace the use of iron fertilizers. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
