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Öğe A combined method for estimating ventilatory threshold(EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA, 1999) Kara, M; Gökbel, Hakkı; Bediz, C. S.Background. The aims of this study were to compare two new methods (D-max and CUSUM) for determination of the ventilatory threshold and to examine the consequences of estimation by application of these methods in combination. Methods. Experimental design: a comparative design was used, Setting: the study was performed in the Exercise Physiology Laboratory in the Faculty of Medicine, Self uh University, Participants: thirty-two untrained males (20.6+/-1.2 yrs) performed an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer, Interventions: there is no intervention. Measures: ventilatory and gas exchange variables were measured breath-by-breath. The ventilatory thresholds were detected by conventional linear regression, CUSUM, D-max and combined CUSUM-D-max methods. Results. The ventilatory thresholds determined by D-max method gave the highest r-values compared to the criterion method. There was no statistical difference between thresholds determined by all methods or by the same method using different variables, Ventilatory thresholds could not be determined by the conventional linear regression method in three subjects but were determined in all subjects by the other three methods. Conclusions. Although all methods presented in this study can be used in the determination of ventilatory threshold, the D-max method was found to be the most valid one, When using the CUSUM method, combining it with the D-max method increases the validity of the measurement.Öğe The effects of evaporative cooling on reduction of cage house temperature and production performance of the laying hens(EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO, 2003) Ugurlu, N; Kara, MThis study was conducted at two cage houses with a capacity. of 20.000 birds each in Konya - Turkey. In one house, mechanically ventilation and evaporative cooling system was used, and the other house was naturally ventilated. Daily temperature changes of houses, egg production, mortality and rate of cracked eggs of laying hens were determined. Inside temperature was reduced effectively in the evaporatively cooled house and the climate was less stressing for laying hens in summer. However, inside temperature was higher in the naturally ventilated house causing stress in layers. Average temperature was 22.6 degreesC and 27.5 degreesC in evaporatively cooled and naturally ventilated house, respectively. Egg production of laying hens in evaporatively cooled house was 4.28% higher than in naturally ventilated house, and it was affected significantly by evaporative cooling (P < 0.05). The cracked eggs numbers increased in the evaporatively cooled house (P < 0.05).Öğe Investigation of the energy efficiency for raising crops under sprinkler irrigation in a semi-arid area(AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS, 2005) Topak, R; Suheri, S; Kara, M; Calisir, SCAgricultural production transforms energy input into energy output in the form of harvested products. Under suitable conditions, crops produced convert so much solar energy into energy stored in plant biomass that the energy input is more than offset. The amount of energy fixed in the harvested biomass depends on the yield level and its chemical components. The objective of this study was to determine the energy efficiency for raising crops under sprinkler irrigation in a semi-arid area. The amount of irrigation water applied was 287 mm for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), 489 mm for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and 857 mm for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production. The total energy consumption was calculated for winter wheat, dry bean, and sugar beet production systems including the manufacture of fertilizer seeds, plant protection substances, and machinery, and all on-farm activities. Energy output in the form of the harvested products was calculated using the calorific value of grain, bean, and beet. Total energy input was 19,267 MJ/ha for winter wheat, 21,977 MJ/ha for dry bean, and 38, 100 MJ/ha for sugar beet plant. The efficiency of energy production was computed to be 3.86, 2.37, and 7.74 MJ/MJ, respectively, for winter wheat, dry bean, and sugar beet. The calculation of the energy efficiency factor of irrigation application revealed that the amount of energy obtained through the increase in harvested products due to irrigation exceeds 4.85, 3.63, and 11.65 times the energy input through irrigation application, respectively, for winter wheat, dry bean, and sugar beet. Results of this study indicate that energy input for irrigation should be reduced to increase efficiency of energy production. In practice, energy requirement for irrigation can be reduced up to 78% by switching from sprinkler irrigation to surface irrigation. In our semi-arid area, most of the areas are suitable for this type of irrigation. In addition, drip irrigation, micro-irrigation, and other new water and energy-saving irrigation technologies should also be considered.Öğe A short communication regarding the article by M. Kara et al - Determination of the heart rate deflection point by the Dmax method - Reply(EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA, 1997) Gökbel, Hakkı; Kara, M; Bediz, C. S.[Abstract not Available]
