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Öğe Comparison of Plant Detection Performance of CNN-based Single-Stage and Two-Stage Models for Precision Agriculture(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2022) Özcan, Recai; Tütüncü, Kemal; Karaca, MuratThe fact that arable land is not increasing in proportion to the ever-increasing population will increase the need for food in the coming years. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the yield of crops to make optimum use of arable land. One of the most important reasons for the decrease in yield and quality of crops is weeds. Herbicides are generally preferred for weed management. Due to deficiencies in herbicide application methods, only 0.015-6% of herbicides reach their target. The use of herbicides, which is an important part of the agricultural system, is an issue that needs to be emphasized, considering the risk of residue and environmental damage. In parallel with the rapid development of electronic and computer technologies, artificial intelligence applications have had the opportunity to develop. In this context, the use of artificial intelligence for plant detection in the subsystems of herbicide application machines will contribute to the development of precision agriculture techniques. In this study, the plant detection performances of single-stage and two-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based deep learning (DL) models are evaluated. In this context, a dataset was created by taking images of Zea mays, Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo, and Chenopodium album L. plants in agricultural lands in Konya. With this dataset, the training of the models was carried out by the transfer learning method. The evaluation metrics of the trained models were calculated using the error matrix. In addition, training time and prediction time were used as quantitative metrics in the evaluation of the models. The plant detection performance, training time, and prediction time of the models were 85%, 8 h, 1.21 s for SSD MobileNet v2 and 99%, 22 h, 2.32 s for Faster R-CNN Inception v2, respectively. According to these results, Faster R-CNN Inception v2 is outperform in terms of accuracy. However, in cases where training time and prediction time are important, the SSD MobileNet v2 model can be trained with more data to increase its accuracy.Öğe The Effect of Some Pre-Emergence Herbicides on Weeds and Corn Yield(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2022) Koç, Merve; Karaca, MuratIn this study, two herbicides (Isoxaflutole 225 g/l + Thiencarbazone-Methyl 90 g/l + Cyrosulfamide 150 g/l and Dimethenamid-P 280 g/l + Terbuthylazine 250 g/l), which are commonly used pre-emergence period against weeds that cause problems in corn planting areas were investigated. The experiments were carried out under field conditions in order to investigate the effect of registered dose of the herbicides to the weeds and corn yield components at the Konya province in 2018 – 2019 years. Herbicides Isoxaflutole 90 g/l + Thiencarbazone methyl 150 g/l + Cyprosulfamide and 280 g/l Dimethenamide-p + 250 g/l Terbuthylazine were tested in the pre-emergence period of the corn plant at doses of 35 ml/da and 300 ml/da, respectively. As a result of the experiments, Isoxaflutole 90 g/l + Thiencarbazone methyl 150 g/l + Cyprosulfamide were determined as the most effective herbicide to control weeds and increase corn yield components when it was applied during pre-emergence period. The effectiveness of herbicides was determined according to the biomass of weeds and their number in m2 . In addition, in both years, A. retroflexus was determined as the most intense species with 16.83 plants/m2 and 32.97 plants/m2 ratios respectively, in the experimental areas. Considering the corn stem diameter, cob length, corn stem length, corn stem dry and fresh weight, dry and fresh cob weight, thousand-grain weight and yield per decare in both years, it was determined that the active substances used increased in yield 2 to 3 times compared to the weed control plots.Öğe Karaman ve yöresinde genç elma bahçelerinde bulunan yabancı otlar ve sorun olan türlerin mücadele imkanları üzerinde araştırmalar(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2003-11-18) Karaca, Murat; Güncan, AhmetBu araştırma 2002 yılında Karaman İl Merkezi ve ilçelerinde genç elma bahçelerinde sorun olan yabancı otlar ve mücadele imkanları üzerinde yapılmıştır. Yapılan sürvey sonucunda 31 farklı familyaya ait 109 yabancı ot türüne rastlanmış ve m2' de ortalama 98.06 yabancı otun varlığı tespit edilmiştir. En yoğun rastlanan türler sırasıyla Amaranthus retroflexus L. (kırmızı köklü tilki kuyruğu), Chenopodium album L. (sirken), Convolvulus arvensis L. (tarla sarmaşığı), Setaria viridis (L.) P.B. (yeşil kirpi dan) ve Sinapis arvensis L. (yabani hardal) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın yapıldığı Karaman ve yöresinde genç elma bahçelerinde yaygın olan yabancı otların oluşturduğu toplulukların esas üyelerini A. retroflexus ve G album oluşturmaktadır. Genç elma bahçelerinde sorun olan yabancı otların yoğunluklarının ve rastlanma sıklıklarının tespitine ilaveten, bu bahçelerde uygun mücadele yöntemlerini belirlemek amacıyla bir deneme kurulmuştur. Denemede iki herbisit (glyphosate ve paraquat) ile bir, iki ve üç kez çapalamanın ayrı ayrı kombinasyonları kullanılmıştır. Deneme sonucunda en yüksek etki % 95.51 oran ile glyphosate isopropylamine +3 defa çapa ve % 92.63 oran ile paraquat +3 defa çapa, en düşük etki ise % 38.03'lük oran ile 1 defa çapa uygulanan parsellerden elde edilmiştir.Öğe Possible Effects of Climate Change on Weeds in Agriculture(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2020) Karaca, Murat; Dursun, Sevda SerpilIn recent years, activities such as rapid population growth, industrialization, urbanization and unconscious consumption of natural sources, have many negative effects on natural balance. As a result of these negativities, environmental problems arise. Global warming is one of the environmental problems faced today. Global warming can be defined as, the process of overheating of the Earth more than it should be due to greenhouse gases, such as H2O (water vapor), CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane), slight prevention of sunlight reflecting from the Earth to the space. It is inevitable that, the rise of CO2 concentration due to the global warming and the changes in the precipitation regime and amount because of the heat will affect plants as a whole. As a matter of fact, different researchers presented that the climate change and increase in CO2 concentration cause alteration in plant growth, the rise in carbon dioxide affect the progress of cultivated plants in a positive way whereas, the rise in the heat and ozone affect the progress in a negative way. As a result of global warming, it can be thought that increasing CO2 amount will increase crop production in general. However, the existence of weeds, which cause serious losses in productivity and quality, refute this opinion. The genetic variability of the weeds, which are constantly competing against cultivated plants in terms of light and place, is quite rich when compared with cultivated plants. Therefore, they can adapt to any changes that occur in the environment. Ultimately, cultivated plants would be affected more by the differences caused by global warming. Moreover, as a result of climate change, the decrease in the event of herbicide activity, an effective weapon against the weeds, will make weeds much bigger matter.Öğe The Species and Intensities of Weed Seeds Obtained from Wheat Flour Mill Plants in Turkey(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2021) Bozkan, Neşe; Karaca, MuratWheat production is more than 10% is in first place with potential in Konya plain of Turkey. Weed seeds mixed crop seeds cause quality and yield losses on production. This research was carried out to determine the species, intensity and frequency of weed seeds obtained from flour mill plants operating in Konya. Samples were taken from the 15 flour mill plants with working high capacity in the region. Identification of the weed seeds species in the sample was made. Comparison was made with live materials and reference documents by examining the seeds under a binocular while diagnosis of species. Also, the intensity and frequency of the species contaminated in wheat were determined. As a result of the study, 79 weed seed species belonging to 19 different families were identified. The species of families the most inclusive were Poaceae with 14 species and Leguminosae with 13 species. In order to determine intensity and frequency of species, weed seeds counted by hand, weighed in scale were recorded in laboratory. The highest weed seeds intensity as number and weight among the species were determined Galium tricornutum (rough bedstraw) with 16.16% and Aegilops cylindrica (jointed goatgrass) with 21.22% respectively. About the frequency of species, the most frequent species was Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) with 100%.Öğe Yatık gökbaş (Centaurea depressa bieb.) ve kokarot (Bifora radians bieb.)'un bazı biyolojik özellikleri ve Konya yöresinde buğdayda ekonomik zarar eşiklerinin tespiti(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010-10-15) Karaca, Murat; Güncan, AhmetBu araştırmada, İç Anadolu Bölgesi kıraç ve sulanan buğday ekim alanlarında önemli ölçüde sorun olan yatık gökbaş (Centaurea depressa Bieb.) ve kokarot (Bifora radians Bieb.)' un bazı biyolojik özellikleri ve ekonomik zarar eşikleri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çimlendirme denemelerinde minimum, optimum ve maksimum çimlenme sıcaklıkları sırasıyla yatık gökbaşta, 0-0.5 °C, 5-10 °C ve 30-35 °C, kokarotta ise 2-5 °C, 10-15 °C ve 20-25 °C olarak bulunmuştur. Dormansi kırmada, tohum kabuğunun çıkarılması işlemi, kontrole oranla yatık gökbaşın % 99, kokarotun % 45 oranında çimlenmesiyle en etkili yöntem olarak saptanmıştır. Ekonomik zarar eşikleri kullanılan herbisite bağlı olarak, yatık gökbaşın kıraçta 1.8-2.7 adet/m², suluda ise 1.2-1.6 adet/m² olarak; kokarotun kıraçta 1.5-2.2 adet/m², suluda ise 2.4-2.8 adet/m² olarak bulunmuştur. Yatık gökbaşın farklı yoğunluklarında (1, 3, 5, 7 adet/m² ve tamamen otlu) ve kokarotta (1, 3, 5 adet/m² ve tamamen otlu), buğday bayrak yaprak alanına, bin dane ağırlığına ve sap ağırlığına etkileri incelenmiş, genelde araştırılan yoğunluklar arasında fark olmasına rağmen istatistiki olarak önemsiz; sadece tamamen otlu ile diğer yoğunluklar arasındaki fark önemli bulunmuştur.
