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    Hedysarum L. ( Fabaceae: Hedysareae) Is Not Monophyletic - Evidence from Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Five Nuclear and Five Plastid Sequences
    (PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2017) Liu, Pei-Liang; Wen, Jun; Duan, Lei; Arslan, Emine; Ertugrul, Kuddisi; Chang, Zhao-Yang
    The legume family (Fabaceae) exhibits a high level of species diversity and evolutionary success worldwide. Previous phylogenetic studies of the genus Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae: Hedysareae) showed that the nuclear and the plastid topologies might be incongruent, and the systematic position of the Hedysarum sect. Stracheya clade was uncertain. In this study, phylogenetic relationships of Hedysarum were investigated based on the nuclear ITS, ETS, PGDH, SQD1, TRPT and the plastid psbA-trnH, trnC-petN, trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, petN-psbM sequences. Both nuclear and plastid data support two major lineages in Hedysarum: the Hedysarum s. s. clade and the Sartoria clade. In the nuclear tree, Hedysarum is biphyletic with the Hedysarum s. s. clade sister to the Corethrodendron + Eversmannia + Greuteria + Onobrychis clade (the CEGO clade), whereas the Sartoria clade is sister to the genus Taverniera DC. In the plastid tree, Hedysarum is monophyletic and sister to Taverniera. The incongruent position of the Hedysarum s. s. clade between the nuclear and plastid trees may be best explained by a chloroplast capture hypothesis via introgression. The Hedysarum sect. Stracheya clade is resolved as sister to the H. sect. Hedysarum clade in both nuclear and plastid trees, and our analyses support merging Stracheya into Hedysarum. Based on our new evidence from multiple sequences, Hedysarum is not monophyletic, and its generic delimitation needs to be reconsidered.
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    Phylogeny of Hedysarum and tribe Hedysareae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) inferred from sequence data of ITS, matK, trnL-F and psbA-trnH
    (WILEY, 2015) Duan, Lei; Wen, Jun; Yang, Xue; Liu, Pei-Liang; Arslan, Emine; Ertugrul, Kuddisi; Chang, Zhao-Yang
    Based on sequence data of the nuclear ITS and plastid matK, trnL-F and psbA-trnH markers of 162 species (169 accessions), the relationships and monophyly of tribe Hedysareae and its close relatives were assessed, with special reference to the infrageneric phylogeny of Hedysarum. The results showed that Hedysareae sensu Lock is not monophyletic, and its relationships with tribe Galegeae are unclear. Tribe Galegeae is polyphyletic. Hedysareae sensu Lock includes two strongly supported clades: the Caraganean clade and the Hedysaroid clade. Tribe Caraganeae Ranjbar was supported to be recognized based on the Caraganean clade, but it is herein suggested to be re-circumscribed by excluding Chesneya and Gueldenstaedtia. Our results support treating the Hedysaroid clade as tribe Hedysareae, comprising nine genera: Alhagi, Corethrodendron, Ebenus, Eversmannia, Greuteria, Hedysarum, Onobrychis, Sulla and Taverniera. Hedysarum as delimited here consists of three main clades: the first clade (the mesic group) corresponds to H. sect. Hedysarum; the second clade (the xeric group) is the re-defined H. sect. Multicaulia, consisting of the core group of H. sect. Multicaulia plus the former genus Sartoria; and the third clade (the psychrophilic group) includes the monospecific H. sect. Stracheya (with H. tibeticum) and two species previously placed in H. sect. Multicaulia (H. kumaonense, H. lehmannianum).