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    Enzyme histochemical and serological investigations on the immune system from chickens treated in ovo with aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1))
    (ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2011) Sur, E.; Celik, I.; Oznurlu, Y.; Aydin, M. F.; Oguz, H.; Kurtoglu, V.; Ozaydin, T.
    In this study, the detrimental effects of in ova administrated antitoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) on the immune system of chickens in the post-hatching period were investigated by enzyme histochemical and serological methods. For this purpose, 730 laying hen eggs were divided into 7 groups [3 control groups (not-treated, drilled-sealed and 30% ethanol (solvent)-injected groups) and 4 assay groups in which eggs were injected with increasing AFB(1) doses (2.5, 7.5, 12.5 and 17.5 ng/egg)] then conventionally incubated. The chickens were vaccinated against the Newcastle Disease (ND) and the Infectious Bursal Disease (I BE)) viruses on days 2, 5, 20 and on days 10 and 15 post-hatching, respectively. The serum antibody titres were assayed at the 1(st) and 28(th) days using Haemagglutination-Inhibition Test and ELISA respectively. The proportions of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and the ANAE (alphanaphtyl acetate esterase) or ACP-ase (acid phosphatase) positive lymphocytes/PBL ratios were determined on the days 1, 10,20 and 28. The AFB(1)-treatment caused significant decreases in both the ANAE and ACP-ase positivity ratios of PBL., depending on the AFB(1) dose, during the post-hatching period, but the PBL counts were significantly depressed at the end of the experimental period only in chickens treated in ovo by the highest AFB(1) close (17.5 ng/egg). The anti-IBD antibody titres measured on the hatching day (maternal antibodies) and the anti-ND and IBD antibody titres measured on the day 28 post-hatching were significantly reduced in chicks treated with 12.5 and 17.5 ng AFB(1)/egg compared to the controls and have also gradually declined according to the AFB(1) dose. The results clearly evidenced that AFB(1) transferred into the fertilised eggs has caused deficiency in cellular and Immoral immunity and particularly in the embryo transfer of the maternal antibodies, that can partially explain the observed immunosuppressive AFB(1) effects in poultry.
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    Investigation of biodiesel production, quality and performance in Turkey
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2007) Oguz, H.; Ogut, H.; Eryilmaz, T.
    Nowadays about 90% of the energy consumed in the world is provided from fossil sources. As fossil fuel reserve is limited, and the emission values are not suitable, new precautions and new surveys for future are compelled. Especially in reaching of global heating to the risky levels forces the humankind to use sustainable and renewable energy. Biodiesel is are newable and environmental-friendly fuel for dieselengine. This study aimed to determine the physical properties (namely, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, cloud point, pour point, freezing point, copper strip corrosion) of biodiesel fuels derived from soybean oil, rape seed oil and palm oil. In addition, the engine performances with these biodiesel fuels were compared with the engine performance with normal diesel fuel. A four-stroke, 3-cylinder, 30 kW TUMOSAN (Turkish Motor Industry and Trade) diesel engine was used for experimentation. The kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, cloud point, pour point, freezing point, copper strip corrosion values of all biodiesel fuels stayed within the limit values described by DIN-TSE EN 14214. They can readily be used without any need for modifications of the engine. Eventhough specific fuel consumption for biodiesel fuels tended to be higher than that for normal diesel fuel, the exhaust smokiness values of biodiesel fuels were considerably lower than that for normal diesel fuel. On the other hand, there were no significant differences observed for torque, power and exhaust smokiness. Consequently, biodiesel can be a good alternative to fossil diesel fuel in oil-importer countries like Turkey.