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Öğe Effect of Copper Supplementation on Performance, Eggshell Quality and Heterophil: Lymphocyte Ratio in Aged Laying Hens Housed at Different Stocking Densities(ANIMAL NUTRITION ASSOC, 2017) Olgun, O.; Aygun, A.This study was conducted to determine the effects of additional dietary copper on performance, eggshell quality and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in aged laying hens housed at different stocking densities. For this purpose, 216 Nick Chick laying hens of 106 weeks of age, were housed at three different stocking densities i.e. 500, 417 and 357 cm(2)/hen, respectively and copper (0, 150 and 300 mg/kg) was added in the basal diet for a period of 10 weeks using a 3x3 factorial arrangement. The effect of the treatments on body weight gain, feed intake, damaged eggs, specific gravity and eggshell breaking strength were not significant (P>0.05). However, eggshell thickness was improved (P<0.05) with increasing stocking density in the aged laying hens. Additionally, added copper had a significant effect on egg production (P<0.05), egg weight (P<0.01), egg mass (P<0.01), feed conversion ratio (P<0.01) and eggshell weight (P<0.01). While added copper had a significant adverse effect on eggshell weight, the addition of copper had a significant positive effect on performance parameters. Highest stocking density resulted in increased (P<0.05) heterophil: lymphocyte ratio. Addition of 150 and 300 mg/kg copper in the diet of the birds kept at 500 cm(2)/hen stocking density reduced heterophil: lymphocyte ratio as compared to other groups. It may be concluded that supplementation copper in the diet of aged laying hens decreased stress under normal stocking density, while stress was increased to the birds under high stocking density.Öğe The effect of dietary cadmium supplementation on performance, egg quality, tibia biomechanical properties and eggshell and bone mineralisation in laying quails(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2015) Olgun, O.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of cadmium supplementation (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) in the diet on performance, egg quality, tibia biomechanical properties and eggshell and bone mineral contents in laying quails. In this 10-week trial, a total of 96 laying quails, aged 21 weeks, were randomly distributed among six experimental groups. Each experimental group contained four replicates of four birds each. The performance parameters were adversely affected quadratically when cadmium was added to the diets in the concentrations of 20 mg/kg and above (P<0.01). The specific gravity and eggshell weight were maximal with the addition of 20 mg/kg cadmium to the diet. The biomechanical properties of the tibia were negatively affected by cadmium supplementation in quails (P<0.05). The eggshell boron content decreased linearly (P<0.001) with cadmium supplementation to the diet. The cadmium content in bone increased when cadmium was added to the diets (P<0.001). The bone boron concentration decreased as dietary cadmium supplementation was increased (P<0.001).Öğe The effect of dietary calcium concentration and particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone mechanical properties and tibia mineral contents in moulted laying hens(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2011) Cufadar, Y.; Olgun, O.; Yildiz, A. O.1. A total of 72 H& N Brown Nick laying hens, 76 weeks of age (moulted at 60 weeks of age), were randomly assigned into a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with three limestone particle sizes and three dietary Ca concentrations (30, 36 and 42 g/kg Ca); with 8 replicates per treatments, and one hen (individual) per experimental unit. 2. Particle sizes of the limestone were: distributions smaller than 2mm (Fine), between 2 to 5 mm (Medium), and larger than 5 mm (Large). The fine, medium and large limestone particles were all obtained from the same source, and sieve sizes used had screen sizes 2mm and 5 mm. 3. The different concentrations of dietary Ca, particle size or interactions had no significant effect on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake or feed conversion ratio. 4. The concentrations of dietary Ca and particle sizes had no significant effect on egg breaking strength, eggshell as % by weight of whole egg or eggshell thickness. The interactions between Ca concentrations and particle sizes had a significant effect on eggshell breaking strength, but not on other parameters. 5. Different dietary particle sizes had no significant effect on the Ca, P and Mg mineral contents of eggshell. While the different concentrations of Ca in diets had a significant effect on the P content of eggshell, they had no significant effect on Ca and Mg contents. 6. Different dietary concentrations of Ca had a significant effect on shear stress, and Ca and Mg contents of tibiae, but not other parameters. Also, dietary particle sizes had a significant effect on shear stress and Ca contents of tibiae. The interaction between Ca concentrations and particle sizes had a significant effect on tibia shear force and Ca content. 7. According to the results of this study, moulted brown laying hens should be fed 36 g/kg Ca and a medium limestone particle size (2-5 mm) in the diet to maintain performance, eggshell and bone quality.Öğe Effects of boron and copper dietary supplementation in laying hens on egg shell quality, plasma and tibia mineral concentrations and bone biomechanical properties(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2012) Olgun, O.; Yazgan, O.; Cufadar, Y.This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementation of different boron and copper doses on eggshell quality, bone biomechanical properties. mineral concentrations in bone and plasma in laying hens. A total of 320 Lohmann laying hens, 26 weeks old, were randomly allotted in 16 equal groups according to the combined doses of boron (0, 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg) and copper (0.75. 150 and 300 mg/kg) added to the basal diets for 16 weeks. Eggshell quality parameters (frequency of damaged eggs, specific gravity, eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness, egg shell weight), bone biomechanical properties (cortex thickness, cortex cross section area, shear force, shear stress, fracture energy) and bone (tibia) and plasma mineral (B, Cu, Zn, Ca, P and Mg) concentrations were determined at the end of the experimental period. Added boron exhibited adverse effects on eggshell quality parameters (significant decrease in eggshell thickness) but has significantly promoted trace element (B, Cu and Zn) distribution and accumulation in bones without severely affecting bone Ca. P and Mg contents, and has significantly increased bone resistance (increases in cortex thickness, shear force, shear stress and fracture energy). Cu supplementation has not directly and significantly modified bone properties or B. Cu and Zn distribution and accumulation, although at 150 and 300 mg/kg Cu doses. the B fixation was exacerbated whereas the divalent ion accumulation was slightly depressed. In addition, the eggshell solidity was significantly improved (increases in specific gravity, eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness and eggshell weight). These results indicate that B and Cu supplementation interfere with trace element metabolism leading to improvement of egg shell quality (Cu) or to bone resistance (B).Öğe Effects of Dietary Energy and Protein on Performance, Reproduction Traits and Nitrogen-Excretion of Breeder Chukar Partridges (Alectoris Chukar)(Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, 2010) Cufadar, Yusuf; Olgun, O.; Bahtiyarca, Y.; Yıldız, A. Ö.This study was carried out to compare the effects of 2 dietary metabolizable energy (2600 and 2900 kcal/kg) and of 2 dietary crude protein contents (13% and 17%) on performance in breeder chukar partridges. A total of 144 breeder chukar partridges (48 males, 96 females), 36 to 52 weeks old, were used in the study conducted as a 2x2 factorial with a completely randomized design. Whereas food intake was significantly depressed in birds receiving a high energy diet, the dietary energy and crude protein contents exhibited no significant effect on growth performance (body weight and body weight gains). Food efficiency, egg weight, egg production, egg mass, fertility and hatchability were not significantly affected by the diet characteristics although a high crude protein content tended to enhance egg production and egg mass and that fertility seemed to be improved with a high matabolizable energy or a high protein level whereas hatchability tended to be inversely affected. A high protein or low energy diets tended to improve the food efficiency for performance. Finally, the nitrogen excretion was significantly additively affected by the dietary energy and protein contents, partridges fed with 2900 kcal/kg and 17% CP in the diet exhibiting a higher nitrogen excretion than the other groups. These results suggest that a diet containing 13% CP and 2600 kcal/kg as metabolizable energy may be supplied to partridges without modification of performance and with reduction of nitrogen excretion.Öğe Effects of dietary organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on performance, egg quality and bone mineralisation in laying hens(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2011) Yildiz, A. O.; Cufadar, Y.; Olgun, O.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different dosages of organic and inorganic manganese supplementation into diets on performance, egg quality and bone mineralization in laying hens. One hundred and fifty, 49 weeks old, H&N Brown Nick laying hens were assigned to 10 equal groups according to the diet regimen consisting in standard diet (based on corn and soybean meal) supplemented with Mn inorganic (Mn-sulphate) or organic (Mn-Bioplex) sources at 5 increasing doses (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Compared to the inorganic form, the Mn-Bioplex supplementation has significantly increased the body weight gains and the egg weight and reduced the percentage of damaged eggs. In parallel, the tibia cortex thickness and its cross area section were significantly enhanced, leading to a slight improvement in bone resistance. The bone proportions of mineral Ca and P elements have significantly increased according to the Mn doses but were not significantly affected by the Mn forms whereas the Mg percentage was significantly depressed with Mn-Bioplex. The tibial contents of Zn and Cu were maximal when low doses of Mn, mainly as Mn-sulphate, were used whereas the Mn accumulation in bone was mainly observed when Mn-Bioplex with doses above 30 mg/kg were used. These results sustained that organic Mn form supplementation positively affects the element distribution in the organism leading to improvement in the weight growth, the egg weight and in the bone solidity in laying hens.Öğe Effects of limestone particle size and dietary available Phosphorus (AP) contents on performance, eggshell quality and mineral excretion in laying hens(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2013) Olgun, O.; Yildiz, A. O.; Cufadar, Y.The study was conducted in order to determine the influence of the limestone particle size and the available phosphorus (AP) contents in layer diets on performance, eggshell quality and mineral excretions. For that, 108 Hy-Line W36, 25 weeks old, were randomly allotted in 9 experimental groups according to the limestone particle size (fine (< 2 mm), medium (2-5 mm) and large (> 5 mm)) and to the AP contents (0.44, 0.55 and 0.66%) in diets distributed for 12 weeks. Performances (body weight, egg weight, egg production, egg mass, feed intake and food efficiency), eggshell qualities such as resistance, thickness, weight and mineral (Ca, P and Mg) accumulation) and mineral excretion were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The particle size and dietary AP content as main factors had no significant effect on food efficiency, egg weight, eggshell qualities and P and Mg eggshell accumulation. However, large particles have significantly decreased the egg production and mass, feed intake and the eggshell Ca amount but have significantly increased the Mg excretion. With 0.44% AP in diet, feed intake and Ca excretion were significantly depressed while eggshell Ca accumulation was enhanced and with 0.66% AP, the P excretion was markedly augmented. Considering interactions between the 2 factors, it was observed that maximal egg weight was obtained with fine particles associated with 0.44% AP and also with medium particles and 0.66% AP or large particles and 0.44% AP but with the 2 last regimens, feed intake, eggshell weight or resistance and Ca excretion were negatively affected in parallel, whereas Ca accumulation in eggshell was also amplified with fine particles and 0.44% AP. These results showed that fine limestone particles coupled to 0.44% AP in diets was the optimal combination for sustaining performance, egg production and qualities and limiting mineral excretion in laying hens.Öğe Effects of Xylanase Enzyme Supplementation to Corn/Wheat-Based Diets on Performance and Egg Quality in Laying Hens(Canadian Science Publishing, Nrc Research Press, 2010) Cufadar, Y.; Yıldız, A. Ö.; Olgun, O.Cufadar, Y., Yildiz, A. O. and Olgun, O. 2010. Effects of xylanase enzyme supplementation to corn/wheat-based diets on performance and egg quality in laying hens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 207-212. This study was conducted to determine the effects of xylanase supplementation of corn/wheat-based diets on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. At 52 wk of age, 180 White Leghorn LSL laying hens were fed 15 diets, consisting of five corn:wheat ratios and three levels of enzyme. None of the treatments affected performance or egg quality, except for egg yolk index and egg yolk color. The egg yolk color was improved by the increase in dietary corn level. It is concluded that wheat can be used instead of corn as an energy feedstuff in laying hen diets.Öğe Manganese in poultry nutrition and its effect on performance and eggshell quality(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2017) Olgun, O.Manganese (Mn) is an element required in nutrition, functioning largely in the enzyme systems involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It plays an important role in growth, bone development, perosis prevention, optimal eggshell quality and performance maintenance of poultry. The current NRC (1994) guidelines recommend 20 and 60 mg/kg of Mn for laying hens and broilers, respectively. In practical poultry feeds, however, the dietary requirement of Mn is considered higher than these values. Traditionally, Mn is added to the diet in the sulphate form, which is typically used as the standard in nutritional studies. However, in recent times, other, more natural forms have been made available to the feed industry, e. g. organic chelates. From this current review of published data, it appears that inorganic Mn supplementation up to 200 mg/kg is ineffective on the performance of both laying hens and broilers but at lower levels it improves eggshell quality. The dietary Mn requirement of laying hens and broilers appears to be 90 mg/kg, and the availability of Mn-sulphate is higher than that of other inorganic Mn sources but lower than its organic sources. More studies should be undertaken to determine the optimum Mn requirement in its various forms for laying hens and broilers.Öğe Nutritional factors affecting the breaking strength of bone in laying hens(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2016) Olgun, O.; Aygun, A.The bone is a mineral reserve for metabolic requirements and eggshell formation as well as providing support to the bodies of birds. Bone weakness in laying hens has caused many problems such as bone deformation, osteoporosis, cage layer fatigue and fractures. These problems result in economic losses and are detrimental to animal welfare. Breaking strength is a good indicator of the health and strength of bone and an increase in breaking strength in laying hens would be important to decrease economic losses and improve the welfare of animals. One of the main factors affecting bone breaking strength is nutrition, as it is closely related to dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and particle size of the calcium source, particularly when the dietary calcium is insufficient. It has been accepted that the composition of the diet, trace elements, especially boron, vitamins, and feed additives play important roles in maintaining bone health and improving the breaking strength of bone in laying hens. This article reviews the results of studies in laying hens wherein the effect of nutrition on the breaking strength of bone were examined.
