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Öğe Assessment of soil quality index for wheat and sugar beet cropping systems on an entisol in Central Anatolia(SPRINGER, 2017) Seker, Cevdet; Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Negis, Hamza; Gumus, Ilknur; Dedeoglu, Mert; Atmaca, Etnel; Karaca, UmmuhanThe sustainable use of agricultural lands is significantly affected by the implemented management and land processing methods. In sugar beet and wheat cropping, because the agronomic characteristics of plants are different, the tillage methods applied also exhibit significant variability. Soil quality concept is used, as a holistic approach to determining the effects of these applications on the sustainable use of soil. Agricultural soil quality evaluation is essential for economic success and environmental stability in rapidly developing regions. At present, a variety of methods are used to evaluate soil quality using different indicators. This study was conducted in one of the most important irrigated agriculture areas of Cumra plain in Central Anatolia, Turkey. In the soil under sugar beet and wheat cultivation, 12 soil quality indicators (aggregate stability (AS), available water capacity (AWC), surface penetration resistance (PR0-20), subsurface penetration resistance (PR20-40), organic matter (OM), active carbon (AC), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), root health value (RHV), pH, available phosphorus (AP), potassium (K), and macro-micro elements (ME) (Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn)) were measured and scored according to the Cornell Soil Health Assessment (CSHA) and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). The differences among 8 (AS, AWC, PR0-20, PR20-40, AC, PMN, AP, and ME) of these 12 soil quality characteristics measured in two different plant cultivation were found statistically significant. The result of the soil quality evaluation with scoring function in the examined area revealed a soil quality score of 61.46 in the wheat area and of 51.20 in the sugar beet area, which can be classified as medium and low, respectively. Low soil quality scores especially depend on physical and biological soil properties. Therefore, improvement of soil physical and biological properties with sustainable management is necessary to enhance the soil quality in the study area soils.Öğe COMPARISON OF WEATHERING RATES OF THE SOILS CLASSIFIED IN ALFISOL AND ENTISOL ORDER DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE IN THE TAURUS MOUNTAINS AT EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION(NORTH UNIV BAIA MARE, 2012) Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Uzun, CihanEntisols and Alfisols are derived from limestone under Mediterranean mountain climate conditions with a mesic temperature regime and a xeric moisture regime. These Entisols are weakly developed, as shown by their reduced thickness and their lack of diagnostic subsurface horizons, The aim of this research is to study and compare the pedogenic evolution of Alfisols and weakly developed Entisols using weathering indices as well as CIA, CIW, WIP, P, PIA, base/R2O3, and some geochemical rates together with other features such as the mineralogy and some analytical characteristics. Our results show that soils classified as Alfisol and Entisol have similar weathering indices and pedochemical activity. The major factors determining soil genesis in this area appear to be topographical rather than climatic and the nature of parent material affected by the leaching regime and weathering rates.Öğe Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: a case study on an alluvial plain (central Turkey)(COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2017) Seker, Cevdet; Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Negis, Hamza; Gumus, Ilknur; Dedeoglu, Mert; Atmaca, Emel; Karaca, UmmuhanSustainable agriculture largely depends on soil quality. The evaluation of agricultural soil quality is essential for economic success and environmental stability in rapidly developing regions. In this context, a wide variety of methods using vastly different indicators are currently used to evaluate soil quality. This study was conducted in one of the most important irrigated agriculture areas of Konya in central Anatolia, Turkey, to analyze the soil quality indicators of Cumra County in combination with an indicator selection method, with the minimum data set using a total of 38 soil parameters. We therefore determined a minimum data set with principle component analysis to assess soil quality in the study area and soil quality was evaluated on the basis of a scoring function. From the broad range of soil properties analyzed, the following parameters were chosen: field capacity, bulk density, aggregate stability, and permanent wilting point (from physical soil properties); electrical conductivity, Mn, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, pH, and NO3-N (from chemical soil properties); and urease enzyme activity, root health value, organic carbon, respiration, and potentially mineralized nitrogen (from biological properties). According to the results, the chosen properties were found as the most sensitive indicators of soil quality and they can be used as indicators for evaluating and monitoring soil quality at a regional scale.Öğe MASS BALANCE OF SOIL EVOLUTION ON MT. ERENLER VOLCANIC MATERIALS IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA - A CASE STUDY(NORTH UNIV BAIA MARE, 2013) Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Ozcan, SidikaMass-balance analysis was used to quantify elemental losses, gains and transformations for Soil developed on Mt Erenler andesitic rocks. Net losses of the main elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, and Si) by means of mass-balance calculations of the soils were examined with, selective dissolution analyses, X-ray diffraction and some chemical properties. These soils are characterized as medium- and fine-textured with low organic matter content. Bulk density was greater than 0.90 g cm(-3) in all profiles. Selective extraction yielded the following relationship in all extractions: Fe-d > Fe-o > Fe-p. Additionally, in most horizons: Al-p > Al-o > Al-d. According to selective dissolution analysis results and index values, noncrystalline minerals such as allophane, imogolite, and iron-humus complexes have not formed in these soils. Feldspar, cristobalite, and quartz were the most common primary minerals. Hematite, cummingtonite, and magnetite were also found in some profiles. X-ray diffraction indicated that kaolinite and illite were dominant minerals in the clay fraction; furthermore, a considerable amount of smectite was found in the clay fraction. Bulk density ratios of soils and bedrock as well as elemental concentrations referenced to Zr, were used to estimate strain and open-system mass-transport functions through the soil profiles. Estimated strains of the three soils indicated substantial volumetric changes during C horizon and saprolite formation. Dominant soil-forming processes include 1. desilication and loss of base cations and Al from the solum, 2. transformation of iron and aluminum from sand and silt-size fractions to secondary clay and crystalline Fe minerals. Silica represents the largest mass loss of any element from the system and varies from 27.14 to 107.38 kg m(-2) Base cations represent only a small portion of the soil mass, but up to 34.3 % (5.44 kg m(-2). of the sodium present in the parent material is lost due to weathering and leaching. Our results imply that the rate of elemental mass-balance changes is determined by factors influencing its leaching (altitude, facing sites, topography, elevational gradient, slopes, and temperature) in the studied area.Öğe THE PEDOGENIC DEVELOPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL DEVELOPED ON MOUNT HASANDAG'S VOLCANIC MATERIALS IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2018) Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Uzun, Cihan; Karaarslan, Emel; Dedeoglu, MertIn comparison with Andisols from humid regions, very little information is available regarding the volcanic soils of semi-arid climates. The objectives of this research were to discuss the extent to which these soils meet the requirements of real Andisols, as defined by Soil Taxonomy and to investigate the physical and chemical properties, as well as to define the weathering processes and pedogenic products, of the soils formed over the volcanic materials of Mt. Hasandag in a semi -arid environment. For this purpose, 4 representative soil profiles were evaluated; after morphological identifications were completed, the soil samples were collected from the horizons to investigate the physical, chemical, geochemical and mineralogical properties to analyze the soil formation over time in a semiarid region. The soils also underwent FT-IR and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis in the range of 4000 to 400 cm(-1) with pellets and at magnifications ranging from 250 to 20.000 X. The results indicated that the content of the sand and coarse silt fractions were higher than 30% in all soils. Phosphate retention is generally low, and it is lower than 85% in all profiles. The pH values in NaF are lower than 9.5, in general. The bulk density is higher than 0.90 gr.cm(-3) in all profiles. The Al + 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) are lower than 2% in all profiles. Selective extraction in all of the horizons in profile 5 exhibited the following relationships: Fe-o>Fe-d>Fe-p and in other profiles, and in most horizons, Al-p>Al-d>Al-0 Selective extraction indicated that in contrast to the soils usually forming on volcanic material worldwide, these soils lack noncrystalline minerals, such as allophone, imogolite and iron humus complexes. The only noncrystalline minerals that are present in great quantities are Al-humus complexes and Ferrihydrite. The crystallized Fe minerals were higher than the other Fe minerals. Feldspar (anorthite and albite), amphibole (diopside, Actinolite, tremolite, hornblende) apatite, hematite, olivine and biotite were more common primer minerals. X-ray diffraction indicates smectite, kaolinite and illite were dominant minerals in the clay fraction. Furthermore, a considerable quantity of chlorite-smectite interstrafied was identified in the clay fraction. The results indicated that the dominant soil-forming processes include the following: 1. desilication and the loss of base cations and Al from the solum; and 2. transformation of iron and aluminum from the sand and silt-size fractions into secondary clay and crystalline Fe minerals. The climate, topography and the nature of the parent materials affected by the leaching regime and weathering rates were identified as the major factors determining soil genesis on Mt. Hasandag. The studied soils were not classified as Andisol because of their lack of andic properties.Öğe PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FORMED ON VOLCANIC MATERIALS (ANDESITE/THRACYANDESITE) IN THE SEMI ARID REGION OF ISPARTA (TURKEY)(PARLAR SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (P S P), 2017) Senol, Huseyin; Ozaytekin, Hasan Huseyin; Alaboz, PelinAlthough Turkey has a large amount of volcanic material, it does not have a sufficient amount of work about Andosol identification. The objectives of this study were to investigate the physical and chemical properties, weathering processes, and pedogenetic products of soils developed from Andesite/Thracyandesite on hill Cunur in Isparta. The physical and chemical properties were determined for four profiles derived from these rocks in Cunur Hill (Isparta, Turkey). The four profiles showed a surface enrichment of organic matter (1.96-5.53%), a neutral pH (5.3-6.9), and a generally low base saturation (11.35-24.91%). The low concentrations of free iron oxides (0.034-0.153% Fe) and clay (14.02-35.29%) indicate a relatively low degree of weathering. The results revealed that the amount of sand and coarse silt fractions were higher than 30% in all profiles. The bulk density is higher than 0.90 g.cm-3 in all profiles. Meanwhile, Al +1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) are lower than 2% in all profiles. pH values in NaF are lower than 9.5 in the some profiles. Selective extraction of soil samples in all horizons yielded the following trends: Fe-d > Fe-o > Fe-p in profile Kl, K2 and G1 and Fe-d > Fe-p > Fe-o in profiles G2 in addition, according to selective extraction solution of aluminum, it was found in northward profiles Al-o > Al-d > Al-p, While in southern side profiles have Al-o > Al-p > Al-d order. According to selective dissolution analysis, non-crystalline minerals like allophane and imogolite were not found. The only non-crystalline minerals found in great quantities Al-humus complexes and in small quantities ferrihydrite were determine. The semiarid climate and long and dry summer season of volcanic areas, a low rate of weathering, inadequate Si leaching as a result of low precipitation and also very small amount volcanic glass content of parent materials in studied soils prevents andic soil properties. The major factors determining soil genesis on Cunur Hill would appear to be climate, by affected leaching regime. Classification of the studied profiles according to Soil Taxonomy indicates an Entisol (Lithic Xerorthent).Öğe Soil formation overlying volcanic materials at Mount Erenler, Konya, Turkey(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2011) Ozcan, Sidika; Ozaytekin, Hasan HuseyinStudies of soils developed on volcanic materials are insufficient in Turkey in light of the wide distribution of these soils. The objectives of the present work were to assess the influence of climate and other soil-forming factors on physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics and pedological processes in the soil genesis and soil classification of 4 volcanic soil profiles derived from andesitic parent material, and to determine whether they meet the requirements for classification as Andisols. Collected from a semiarid climate in Konya, Turkey, these soils are characterized as medium- and fine-textured with low organic matter content, low cation exchange capacity, and low soil moisture retention. Bulk density was greater than 0.90 g cm(-3) in all profiles. In general, phosphate retention was low, and lower than 85% in all profiles. The Al + 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) were lower than 2% in all profiles. The pH values in NaF were less than 9.5 in the soils studied. Selective extraction yielded the following relationship in all extractions: Fe(d) > Fe(o) > Fe(p). Additionally, in most horizons: Al(p) > Al(o) > Al(d). According to selective dissolution analysis results and index values, noncrystalline minerals such as allophane, imogolite, and iron-humus complexes have not formed in these soils. Only noncrystalline minerals were present, such as Al-humus complexes in great quantities, and, in small quantities, ferrihydrite. Crystallized Fe minerals were more common than other Fe minerals. Feldspar, cristobalite, and quartz were the most common primer minerals. Hematite, cummingtonite, and magnetite were also found in some profiles. X-ray diffraction indicated that kaolinite and illite were dominant minerals in the clay fraction; furthermore, a considerable amount of smectite was found in the clay fraction. The local climate, characterized by low precipitation and a long dry season, obstructs the formation of andic soil properties because of the low rate of weathering and inadequate Si leaching. As a result, the soils of Mount Erenler were not classified as Andisol but rather as Entisol. The major factors determining soil genesis on Mount Erenler appear to be climate, topography, and the nature of the parent material
