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    Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Living Baker's Yeast Cells
    (AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS, 2011) Mikoliunaite, L.; Makaraviciute, A.; Suchodolskis, A.; Ramanaviciene, A.; Oztekin, Y.; Stirke, A.; Jurkaite, G.
    Currently, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has a wide range of applications in a variety of disciplines of science and industry including biology and medicine. Despite the maturity of the AFM technique, it is still finding new opportunities in visualization of biological materials and biomolecular processes. The most frequent and ordinary application of AFM is surface topology and morphological studies. This paper describes educational application of AFM in observation of a living cell wall structure. For the following study we have selected Sacchoromyces cerevisiae cells, better known as baker's yeast cells that are available in any supermarket and widely used for fermentation control of food and drinks, and as a leavening agent in baking. The sample preparation and measurements are described. Living yeast cells were prepared in solutions containing glucose or sodium chloride. Proposed AFM based protocol allows the researcher to keep baker's yeast cells alive, and to observe them in air conditions. The experiment is suitable for Master and/or Ph.D. students and is designed to show the main principles of the Bio-AFM operation. In some particular cases, this protocol may be adoptable for bachelor students, who have already completed an extended course in nanotechnology, biotechnology or microbiology. To show educational suitability, the protocol has been tested in the environment of educational laboratory and performed by students studying physics, chemistry, biotechnology and biology.
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    Conducting and Electrochemically Generated Polymers in Sensor Design (Mini Review)
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Ramanavicius, A.; Oztekin, Y.; Balevicius, Z.; Kausaite-Mikstimiene, A.; Krikstolaityte, V.; Baleviciute, I.; Ratautaite, V.
    Various nanotechnological methods and high number of nanostructured materials including polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) become extremely important in sensor and biosensor technology. Conducting polymers as artificial versatile materials seem very suitable for the development of various analyte-recognizing parts of sensors and biosensors. This contribution is reviewing major fabrication methods of conducting polymer-based nanocomposites for biosensorics. Experience of authors in application of various electrochemically generated polymers in design of biosensors is presented. The influence of fabrication method on sensor characteristics is overviewed. Major types of biosensors based on conducting polymers including catalytic biosensors, DNA-sensors, immunosensors and molecularly imprinted polymer-based affinity sensors is discussed. Conducting and electrochemically generated polymers that are mostly used in sensor design are presented. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd....Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Symposium Cracoviense Sp. z.o.o.
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    Electrochemical formation of polypyrrole-based layer for immunosensor design
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, 2014) Ramanavicius, A.; Oztekin, Y.; Ramanaviciene, A.
    This research represents the evalution of electrochemical formation of conducting polymer polypyrrole-based composite layer, which could be applied in immunosensor design. Polypyrrole (Ppy) layer was formed by mean of potential pulses and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) protein gp51 (gp51) was entrapped during this synthesis within formed Ppy layer (gp51/Ppy). Some Ppy layer formation aspects were evaluated and mathematical model, which is describing tendencies of gp51/Ppy layer formation, was adopted. The interaction of gp51/Ppy layer with specific antibodies that are present in the blood serum of BLV infected cattle was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Fluorescence study of glucose oxidase self-encapsulated within polypyrrole
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, 2012) Ramanavicius, A.; Ryskevic, N.; Kausaite-Minkstimiene, A.; Bubniene, U.; Baleviciute, I.; Oztekin, Y.; Ramanaviciene, A.
    Glucose oxidase self-encapsulation within polypyrrole was achieved and this process was monitored by the registration of flavin adenine dinucleotide autofluorescence spectra at different periods. The fluorescence of non-encapsulated enzyme was investigated and compared to encapsulated enzyme within polypyrrole. The data presented herein show that at the same experimental conditions the glucose oxidase, if encapsulated within polypyrrole, is more stable than native enzyme. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.