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Amalgam repair: Evaluation of bond strength and microleakage
(OPERATIVE DENTISTRY INC, 2002) Ozer, F; Unlu, N; Ozturk, B; Sengun, A
This study evaluated the tensile bond strength of "repaired" amalgams and compared the degree of microleakage. Amalgam (Cavex avalloy) was condensed into plastic tubes (3 mm in diameter, 10 mm. in height) to the half-length. After storage in water at 37degreesC for two days, the remaining parts of tubes were filled with amalgam (A), cavity varnish (CV)+A, Liner Bond 2V (LB2V)+A, 3M Opal Luting Cement (3MOLC)+A, Panavia F(PF)+A, Metabond(MB)+A, Fuji BondLC(FB)+A, HytacOSB(HOSB)+Hytac Aplitip (H), Liner Bond2V+Clearfil AP-X(CAP). The bond strengths for 15 samples of each restoration group were determined. For the microleakage study, MOD cavities of 90 extracted human premolars were used. The distal half of cavities were filled with amalgam. After storage in water at 37degreesC for two days, the mesial half of the cavities were filled to simulate a clinical repair. The "repair" was placed using the procedures applied in the bond strength study. The teeth were stained with basic fuchsine (0.5%), sectioned and evaluated for dye penetration. In both parts of study, the data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests. Bond strength values (MPa) were: A+PF+A 3.84+/-1.08, A+LB2V+A 3.15+/-0.97, A+LB2V+CAP 3.05+/-0.53, A+MB+A 2.86+/-0.88, A+HOSB+H 2.58+/-0.51, A+3MOLC+A 2.11+/-0.75, A+FB+A 0.68+/-0.59. The repaired A+A and A+CV+A groups were separated before testing. The A+PF+A group showed the highest bond strength (p<0.05). Microleakage in the cervical margins of repaired restorations was lower in the amalgam groups than microleakage in the resin composite and compomer groups. PF, MB, 3MOLC and FB performed better at the amalgam "repair" interface. The A+LB2V+A group showed no microleakage at both the occlusal and gingival test regions.
Degree of conversion and surface hardness of resin cement cured with different curing units
(QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO INC, 2005) Ozturk, N; Usumez, A; Usumez, S; Ozturk, B
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion and Vickers surface hardness of resin cement under a simulated ceramic restoration with 3 different curing units: a conventional halogen unit, a high-intensity halogen unit, and a light-emitting diode system. Methods and Materials: A conventional halogen curing unit (Hilux 550) (40 S), a high-intensity halogen curing unit used in conventional and ramp mode (Optilux 501) (10 s and 20 s, respectively), and a light-emitting diode system (Elipar FreeLight) (20 s, 40 s) were used in this study. The dual-curing resin cement (Variolink 11) was cured under a simulated ceramic restoration (diameter 5 mm, height 2 mm), and the degree of conversion and Vickers surface hardness were measured. For degree of conversion measurement, 10 specimens were prepared for each group. The absorbance peaks were recorded using the diffuse-reflection mode of Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. For Vickers surface hardness measurement, 10 specimens were prepared for each group. A load of 200 N was applied for 15 seconds, and 3 evaluations of each of the samples were performed. Results: Degree of conversion achieved with Optilux 501 (20 s) was significantly higher than those of Hilux, Optilux 501 (10 s), Elipar FreeLight (20 s), and Elipar FreeLight (40 s). For Vickers surface hardness measurement, Optilux 501 (20 s) produced the highest surface hardness value. No significant differences were found among the Hilux, Optilux 501 (10 s), Elipar FreeLight (20 s), and Elipar FreeLight (40 s). Conclusion: The high-intensity halogen curing unit used in ramp mode (20 s) produced harder resin cement surfaces than did the conventional halogen curing unit, high-intensity halogen curing unit used in conventional mode (10 s) and light-emitting diode system (20 s, 40 s), when cured through a simulated ceramic restoration.
Effect of NaOCI on bond strengths of bonding agents to pulp chamber lateral walls
(LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2004) Ozturk, B; Ozer, F
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5% NaOCI on bond strengths of four bonding systems-Clearfil SE Bond, Prompt L-Pop, Prime&Bond NT, and Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus-to pulp chamber mesial walls. Forty mandibular third molar teeth were used in the study. The pulp chambers of the first 20 teeth were restored with bonding agents and composite resins after 5% NaOCI irrigation, and the remaining teeth were restored without 5% NaOCI treatment. Each bonding group had five teeth. Three rectangular thin sticks (1 +/- 0.03 mm(2)) were obtained from the mesial wall of restored pulp chambers by horizontal sectioning. In general, NaOCI application decreased the bond strength values of the bonding agents. Both Clearfil SE Bond and Prompt L-Pop without NaOCL showed higher bond strength values than the other bonding groups. In NaOCl-applied groups, Clearfil SE Bond had the highest bond strength. It can be concluded that self-etching bonding systems are more successful than the other systems in bonding to pulp chamber dentinal wall and that NaOCI reduces bond strength.
Effect of tooth age on microtensile bond strength of two fluoride-releasing bonding agents
(QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO INC, 2005) Ozer, F; Sengun, A; Ozturk, B; Say, EC; Tagami, J
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of age of dentin and enamel on the microtensile bond strengths of a glass-ionomer based, all-in-one, single-step, self-etching adhesive system (Reactmer Bond, RB) and an antibacterial, two-step self-etching primer system (ABF Bond, ABF). \ Materials and Methods: Extracted molars from 3 age groups (20 to 25, 35 to 40, and 50 to 55 years) were used. Enamel was removed from the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, and the entire flat surfaces were covered with composite resin (4 mm in height) following application of bonding agents. The bonded specimens were thinly sectioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth into 0.87 0.03 mm(2) rectangular sections, resulting in 6 to 7 enamel specimens and 10 to 15 dentin specimens per tooth. The specimens were subjected to the microtensile test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed by Univariate ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and regression analysis. Results: The bond strength of ABF to both enamel and dentin was higher than the bond strength of RB. Bond strengths of ABF to dentin were significantly higher than the bond strengths to enamel (p < 0.05). The 35- to 40-year age group of ABF showed the highest bond strength of all. In RB dentin groups, 34% of specimens showed cohesive failure in composite resin material. Conclusion: Bond strength values to enamel were not affected by age of teeth in either bonding system. Dentinal bond strength using ABF changed according to age of the teeth. Age did not affect bond strength values of RB to dental hard tissues. However, the high number of cohesive failures in Reactmer paste indicated low tensile strength of the material.
The efficiency of different light sources to polymerize resin cement beneath porcelain laminate veneers
(WILEY, 2004) Usumez, A; Ozturk, AN; Usumez, S; Ozturk, B
Plasma arc light units for curing resin composites have been introduced with the claim of relatively short curing times. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of two different light sources to polymerize dual curing resin cement beneath porcelain laminate veneers. Twenty extracted healthy human maxillary centrals were used. Teeth were sectioned 2 mm below the cemento-enamel junction and crown parts were embedded into self-cure acrylic resin, labial surface facing up. Cavity preparation was carried out on labial surfaces. These teeth were divided into two groups of 10 each. The resin cement/veneer combination was exposed to two different photo polymerization units. A conventional halogen light (Hilux 350, Express Dental Products) and a plasma arc light (Power PAC, ADT) were used to polymerize resin cement. Ten specimens were polymerized conventionally (40 s) and the other specimens by plasma arc curing (PAC) (6 s). Two samples from each tooth measuring 1.2 x 1.2 x 5 mm were prepared. These sections were subjected to microshear testing and failure values were recorded. Statistically significant differences were found between the bond strength of veneers exposed to conventional light and PAC unit (P < 0.001). Samples polymerized with halogen light showed better bond strength. The results of this study suggest that the curing efficiency of PAC through ceramic was lower compared with conventional polymerization for the exposure durations tested in this study.
In vitro assessment of temperature change in the pulp chamber during cavity preparation
(MOSBY, INC, 2004) Ozturk, B; Usumez, A; Ozturk, AN; Ozer, F
Statement of problem. Tooth preparation with a high-speed handpiece may cause thermal harm to the dental pulp. Purpose. This in vitro study evaluated the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during 4 different tooth preparation techniques and the effects of 3 different levels of water cooling. Material and methods. The tip of a thermocouple was positioned in the center of the pulp chamber of 120 extracted human premolar teeth. Four different tooth preparation techniques were compared: (1) Low air pressure plus low load (LA/LL), (2) low air pressure plus high load (LA/HL), (3) high air pressure plus low load (HA/LL), and (4) high air pressure plus high load (HA/HL) in combination with 3 different water cooling rates. Control specimens were not water cooled; low water cooling consisted of 15 mL/min, and high water cooling consisted of 40 mL/min. Twelve different groups were established (n = 10). An increase of 5.5degreesC was regarded as critical value for pulpal health. The results were analyzed with a 3-factor ANOVA and Bonferroni adjusted Mann Whitney U test (alpha = .004). Results. For all techniques without water cooling (LA/LL/0, LA/HL/0, HA/LL/0, and HA/HL/0), the average temperature rise within the pulpal chamber exceeded 5.5degreesC during cavity preparation (7.1degreesC; 8.9degreesC; 11.4degreesC, and 19.7degreesC, respectively). When low water cooling was used with high air pressure and high load technique (HA/HL/15), the average temperature rise exceeded 5.5degreesC limit (5.9degreesC). However, when high water cooling (LA/LL/40, LA/HL/40, HA/LL/40, and HA/HL/40) was utilized, the critical 5.5degreesC value was not reached with any air pressure or load (3.1degreesC, 2.8degreesC, 2.2degreesC, and -1.8degreesC, respectively). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results indicate that reducing the amount of water cooling or increasing air pressure and load during cavity preparation increased the temperature of the pulp chamber in extracted teeth.
An in vitro comparison of adhesive systems to seal pulp chamber walls
(BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, 2004) Ozturk, B; Ozer, F; Belli, S
Aim To compare in vitro the sealing properties of five different dentine adhesive materials (Prime&Bond NT (PBNT): Prompt L-Pop (PLP): Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB): Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus (SMPP): EBS-Multi (EBSM)) inside the pulp chamber. Methodology Seventy-five recently extracted human molar teeth were used. The roof of the pulp chambers and roots were removed under water cooling. Pulp tissue was removed. and the canal orifices were scaled. The pulp chambers were then treated with 51% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of 15 teeth each. Adhesive systems were applied to the pulp chamber walls according to the manufacturers' instructions. The samples were connected to Plexiglass plates. and a fluid filtration met hod was used for quantitative evaluation of leakage. Measurements of fluid movement were made at 2-min intervals for S min. The quality of seal of each specimen was measured immediately after 24 h. 1 week and 1 month. The data were statistically analysed by repeated-measurements multivariate ANOVA, Friedman test. Wilcoxon signed rank test. Kruskal-Wallis of one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U-tests. The pulp chamber wall with and without NaOCl and resin-dentine interfaces of specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results The leakage values of the materials were significantly different. at. different measurement periods. In all groups, leakage values decreased with time (P < 0.05). PBNT and PLP had the least leakage during immediate measurements (11 < 0.05). After 1 month, leakage of all adhesive systems was not significantly different (P < 0.05). SEM observation Of Pull) chamber walls demonstrated that the irregular dentine surface without smear layer was present in the nontreated group. However, NaOCl application removed the collagen fibrils leaving the dentine surface smooth. At resin-dentine interfaces of specimens, no hybridization zone was observed. Conclusions None of the materials had created a perfect seal to the Pulp chamber walls. PBNT and PLP had better sealing over the short term, but over the long term, there were no differences between the materials.
In vitro dentine permeability evaluation of HEMA-based (desensitizing) products using split-chamber model following in vivo application in the dog
(WILEY, 2005) Duran, I; Sengun, A; Yildirim, T; Ozturk, B
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro dentine permeability evaluation of 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based desensitizing products using split-chamber model following in vivo application in the dogs for three experimental time periods of 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. Buccal enamel of upper and lower canines of nine young dogs was removed and flat dentinal surface was obtained using a water-cooled diamond bur. The dentinal surface divided into four quarters, three experimental and a control. Health-Dent and Gluma Desensitizing agent and Single bond were applied to respective quarters of one tooth, according to manufacturers' instructions. The last quarters were left as control without any applications. For the each experimental period, 10 dentine samples from each group including control were used to measure the hydraulic conductance values. The dentine discs were placed pulp-side down in a split-chamber device in which the plastic spacers containing the rubber 0 rings have a surface area of 1 mm(2) and permeability was measured by fluid filtration. The data were expressed as hydraulic conductance (Lp). Differences in dentine permeability obtained for the desensitizing agents against the control were tested for statistical significance using Kruskal-Wallis one-way anova and Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U-tests. Differences in permeability in three time periods for each desensitizing agent were analysed using Friedman's anova and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. All desensitizing applications caused decreased Lp values compared with the control Lp value at the end of 1 week. In the 1-month samples, between the Lp values of Single bond and control, no statistical difference was found (P > 0.05). At the end of the 3-month period, the Gluma Desensitizing agent had the lowest the Lp value (P < 0.05). The result of this study is that the topical application of desensitizing agents led to decrease in dentine permeability in the dog model. The Gluma Desensitizing agent provide the more lasting tubule-occluding effect than the other material tested in this model.
Influence of different light sources on microleakage of class V composite resin restorations
(WILEY, 2004) Ozturk, AN; Usumez, A; Ozturk, B; Usumez, S
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different curing units on microleakage of class V composite restorations. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 45 extracted premolar teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15 each. A conventional halogen curing unit (Hilux 350), a high intensity halogen curing unit (Optilux 501) and plasma arc curing unit (Power Pac) were used to polymerize composite resin (Vitalesence). After restoration, the teeth were thermocycled for 100 cycles between 5 degrees and 55 degreesC using a dwell time of 30 s and exposed to a dye. Results showed that there was no significant difference among three different curing units (P > 0.05), however the microleakage at the dentin margins was greater than the enamel margins (P < 0.05). Clinical relevance: Plasma arc curing or fast halogen units cure composite materials at a faster rate than conventional curing units because of the high light intensity. High intensity halogen curing units and plasma arc curing units might be useful alternatives in composite polymerization. Therefore, these units are suggested for clinical use to save chair side time.
An interdisciplinary approach for restoring function and esthetics in a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta and malocclusion: A clinical report
(MOSBY-ELSEVIER, 2004) Ozturk, N; Sari, Z; Ozturk, B
This clinical report describes an interdisciplinary approach for the coordinated treatment of a patient diagnosed with amelogenesis imperfecta and malocclusion. The patient's functional and esthetic expectations were successfully met with interdisciplinary treatments, including orthodontics, porcelain laminate veneers, metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures, and direct composite restorations.
Investigation of milling characteristics of alumina powders milled with a newly designed vibratory horizontal attritor
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2004) Kilinc, Y; Ozturk, S; Ozturk, B; Uslan, I
In this study, a vibratory horizontal attritor was designed, constructed and used to produce alumina powders. The effects of process parameters, such as milling time, ball-powder weight ratio (BPR) and rotational speed (RS) of the attritor on the mean particle size and particle size distribution have been investigated. Milling times of 1, 5, 10 and 15 It and ball-powder weight ratios of 5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 40:1 were considered in the present study. Rotational speeds of the attritor were selected as 500, 700 and 900 rpm and distilled water was used as milling media. The experimental results show that increasing milling time and ball-powder weight ratio resulted in finer particles. Optimum rotational speed of the attritor was found as 700 rpm. The mean particle size of attrited powders were in the range of 2.05-6.82 mum, depending on process parameters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Microleakage of different cementation techniques in Class V ceramic inlays
(WILEY, 2004) Ozturk, AN; Ozturk, B; Aykent, F
Microleakage between the restorative materials and the cavity walls of teeth remains a problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage around Class V ceramic inlay restoration using three different cementation techniques. Class V preparations were made on the buccal surfaces of 45 freshly extracted premolar teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15. In the first group, dentine bonding agent (DBA) (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V) was applied immediately after the tooth preparation (D-DBA). In the second group, DBA was applied to the prepared cavities while luting ceramic inlays (I-DBA). In the third group, DBA was not applied at either stage (No-DBA). Impressions were made and ceramic inlays (Ceramco II) fabricated and cemented in the Class V cavities. The restorations were stored in water at room temperature for 24 h. All restorations were thermocycled and then subjected to a dye penetration test. After sectioning, leakage at cavity/restoration interface was scored. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon's signed tests. Results showed no significant difference among three different cementation techniques (P > 0.05). Microleakage at the dentine margins was greater than that at the enamel margins (P < 0.05).
Microtensile bond strength of two resin composite materials placed with direct and indirect techniques under simulated pulpal pressure
(QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO INC, 2005) Sengun, A; Unlu, N; Ozturk, B; Ozer, F
Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the dentin bond strength of directly and indirectly inserted composite restorations. Materials and Methods: Twenty extracted human mandibular molars were prepared to form a flat occlusal dentin surface using an Isomet saw under water. Five-mm-thick composite restorations (Filtek Z 250 and Clearfil AP-X) were placed on the dentin surfaces by direct or indirect techniques. The direct restorations were bonded with Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond bonding agents. Indirect restorations were cemented with two composite luting cements (3M Opal Luting Cement and Panavia F). All restorative procedures were applied under simulated pulpal pressure (15 cm H2O). Each tooth was then vertically sectioned with an Isomet saw through the composite buildups and the dentin. Thus, for microtensile testing, 0.65 x 0.65 mm specimens were obtained from pulpal and remote dentin regions. The results were analyzed according to the regional dentinal surfaces (pulpal and remote dentin). For statistical analyses, two-way ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc tests were used (p < 0.05). Results: Direct application of Clearfil AP-X showed that tensile bond strengths were higher than those obtained for directly and indirectly applied Filtek Z 250 and indirectly applied Clearfil AP-X. No significant difference in tensile bond strengths was demonstrated between pulpal and remote dentin (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the bond strengths of resin luting cements to dentin need further improvement.
Shear bond strength of three luting cements to two ceramic materials
(TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2004) Ozturk, B; Ozturk, N; Ovecoglu, HS; Ozer, F
The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three different dual cure luting cements to two ceramic materials. Sixty cylindrical specimens (4mm in diameter) were prepared with Finesse Ceramco and Vita Omega 900. Specimens were randomly diveded into six groups of 10 specimen each. The luting cements (Panavia F; 3M ESPE Opal Luting Cement; Variolink H) were bonded to ceramic specimens using teflon tubes with an internal diameter of 2,97 nun and 2 mm in hight. Following thermocycling, the sepecimens were mounted in a spesific jig on the Universal Testing Machine and the luting cements debonded under a shear force at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The bond strength was calculated in Mpa. The values of the shear bond strengths were analysed by using Two Way ANOVA, Kruskal-wallis of One Way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test. There were no statistically significant differences between the bond strength values of Finesse and Vita Omega 900 porcelains. Dual-cure cements (Panavia F and Variolink H) showed higher bond strength than light cure cement (3M ESPE Opal Luting cement).
Shear bond strengths of tooth fragments reattached or restored
(BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, 2003) Sengun, A; Ozer, F; Unlu, N; Ozturk, B
This study investigated the shear bond strengths of sectioned human mandibular incisor edge fragments reattached using luting cements, bonding agents or restored with composite resins. Seventy teeth were randomly distributed among six experimental groups and a control group. Leaving half of the anatomic crowns exposed, the teeth were embedded in self-cure acrylic resins with the exposed part then sectioned. The fragments in groups 1-4 were bonded to their respective teeth using Clearfil Liner Bond 2V, Scotch Bond Multi Purpose Plus, Panavia-F and 3M Opal Luting cement. The 5th and 6th groups were restored with composite resins (Silux 3M and Clearfil AP-X) using their bonding agents (Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond). The results indicated that reattachment of fractured incisal fragments by using new generation bonding agents was effective against shear stresses, comparable with the intact teeth. Instead of restoration with composite resins therefore reattachment of a fractured fragment might be more preferable in cases of dental trauma.
Temperature rise during adhesive and resin composite polymerization with various light curing sources
(OPERATIVE DENTISTRY INC, 2004) Ozturk, B; Ozturk, AN; Usumez, A; Usumez, S; Ozer, F
This study evaluated the temperature rise in two different adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond [CSEB] and EBS-Multi [EBSM]) and composite systems (Clearfil AP-X [CAPX,] Pertac II [PII]) by the same manufacturer when illuminated by four different light sources: Light-emitting diode (LED), Plasma arc curing (PAC), high intensity quartz tungsten halogen (HQTH) and quartz tungsten halogen (QTH). Forty dentin disks were prepared from extracted premolars. These dentin disks were placed in apparatus developed to measure temperature rise. Temperature rise during photopolymerization of adhesive resin and resin composite was then measured. The mean values of temperature increases for adhesive and resin composites did not differ significantly (p = 0.769). The highest temperature rise was observed during photopolymerization of EBSM with PAC (5.16degreesC) and HQTH (4.28degreesC), respectively. Temperature rise values produced by QTH (1.27degreesC - 2.83degreesC for adhesive resin; 1.86degreesC - 2.85degreesC for resin composite) for both adhesive and resin composites were significantly lower than those induced by PAC and HQTH (p < 0.05). However, these values were significantly higher than those produced by LED (1.16degreesC - 2.08degreesC for adhesive resin; 1.13degreesC - 2.59degreesC for resin composite). Light sources with high energy output (PAC and HQTH) caused significantly higher temperature rise than sources with low energy output (QTH and LED). However, in this study, no temperature rises beneath 1-mm dentin disk exceed the critical 5.6degreesC value for pulpal health.
Two-year color changes of light-cured composites: Influence of different light-curing units
(OPERATIVE DENTISTRY INC, 2005) Usumez, A; Ozturk, N; Ozturk, B
This study determined color changes in a composite cured with various types of curing units after two years. A hybrid (Clearfil AP-X) composite was cured with a conventional halogen, a high intensity halogen, a plasma arc and a light emitting diode unit. The specimens were stored in light-proof boxes after the curing procedure to avoid further exposure to light and stored in 37 degrees C in 100% humidity. Colorimetric values of the specimens immediately after curing and after two years were measured using a colorimeter. The CIE 1976 L*a*b color system was used to determine color differences. Differences from baseline were calculated as Delta E*(ab). Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05). The Delta E-ab* values varied significantly, depending on the curing unit used. The specimens cured with a plasma arc curing unit induced significantly higher color changes than any other specimen and the color differences were also visually appreciable by the non-skilled operator (AE*(ab) > 2.5). The specimens cured with a high intensity halogen curing unit produced the lowest color change; however, there were no statistically significant differences among the color changes of specimens cured with conventional halogen, high intensity halogen and the light emitting diode unit, and the color changes were not clinically relevant (Delta E*(ab)< 2.5). The results of this study suggest that composite materials undergo measurable changes due to curing unit exposure. The specimens cured with a plasma arc light showed the highest color changes as compared to specimens cured with other curing units.

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