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    BIOGAS PRODUCTION AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2009) Pehlivan, Ergun
    One of the most important factors of industrialization and development is energy. Demand of energy significantly increases parallel to technology developing and world population increasing. The consumed amount of energy indicates the development level of countries in today. Oil and coal stocks are decreasing fastly, and lack of natural gas sources results in an increasing demand on renewable energy sources. The negative effects of the renewable energy sources are less than conventional energy sources on environment. The cost of the renewable energy sources are less than fossil fuels, and don't exhausted, and in contrast to conventional fuels they do not important threat to human health and environment. The countries which are not self sufficient in terms of energy production, needs environmentally clean, continuous, independent and renewable energy sources. Biogas, containing 55-65 % methane (CH(4)) can supply these features. Biogas units turn organic wastes into a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide gases that can be used for lighting and cooking. For example; each household builds its own plant to channel waste from the domestic toilet and nearby shelters for animals, usually pigs, cows into a sealed tank. The waste ferments and is naturally converted into gas and compost, resulting in improved sanitary conditions at home. Biogas technology is best suited to convert the organic waste from agriculture, livestock,industries, municipalities and other human activities into energy and manure. Considering that the energy value of 1 m(3) of biogas is 5,000 kJ and that the heat value is equivalent to 0.7 L of gas, we see a large amount of lost energy. By using biogas, the living conditions and the environment have improved, forests are protected, and the labour force has more time for agricultural production. A large amount of straw, which was previously burned, is now put into biogas tanks to ferment. This reduces air pollution from smoke and helps produce high-quality organic fertilizer. Today, it is commonly burned in an internal combustion engine to generate electricity. Biogas is also successfully compressed for use as an alternative transportation fuel in light- and heavy-duty vehicles. In this study, general information, using areas, energy contents have been given about renewable energy sources and biogas, advantages and positive environmental effects have been investigated.
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    AN EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN TURKEY IN RESPECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Pehlivan, Ergun
    In recent years, all over the world and in Turkey, as a result of, increasing population, industrial and urban development and reasing life standards, the fosil fuels have dramatically been used up and caused environmental pollution. Since it has been recognized that energy sources such as petroleum and coal are non, renewable energy Sources and they are limited. researches have been concentrated on the biomass energy, wind energy, solar energy and hydro-energy which are renewable and obtained easily in all world. As well as known cost of these renewable energy resources is not high. They don't run out because of the renewable feature and unlike the conventional resources they don't make a threat for environment and human being health. Turkey is a rich Country from the point of variety and potential of renewable energy resources. For example; It has the 8% of the geothermal energy potential in the world which does not exist in most Countries. On the other hand, Turkey is also one of the countries in the world which has high amount of hydro-energy potential and it gets large amount of solar energy due to its geographical place in the world. In this study, Turkey's existing condition and more effective use its potential renewable resources in respect of environment and economy have been investigated. And some proposals are presented in order to solve Turkey's energy problem without harming the environment.
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    THE INVESTIGATION OF CONVERTION TO PRODUCTS LIKE FOSSIL FUELS AND BIOGAS AND SUBSTANCE SOLUBLE IN WATER OF SOME BIOMASS WASTES
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2009) Pehlivan, Ergun; Taner, Fadime
    Biomass resources include wood and wood wastes, agricultural crops and their waste by products, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, Waste from food processing. Especially organic waste, dumped in open places causes heavy environmental pollution to soil, groundwater and surface waters as the amount of the waste generated is growing very fast. However, energy from biomass may significantly contribute to the growing future demand for energy. Energy from biomass avoids the net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and would help to fulfil the obligations of the European Union to reduce carbon dioxide release. Biomass is the world's fourth largest energy source worldwide, following coal, oil and natural gas. Theoretically, biomass has the capacity to provide 100 % of the world's energy demand. In this study presents numerous processes of conversion of biomass for energy, i.e. thermochemical conversion (e.g. liquefaction) and biochemical conversion (e.g. digestion and fermentation) The conversion of orange peel (OP), hazelnut shell (HS), tea factory product wastes (TFPW), prickly pear cactus leaf (PPCL), peanut shell (PS) and market wastes (MW) into liquid and/or gaseous fuel by liquefaction process and the conversion of some potential organic waste matter [cow manure (CM), municipal organic solid waste components [market waste(MW) and treatment sludge (TS)] into to biogas and substance soluble in water have been investigated in the laboratory. Percentage and higher heating values of liquid products were founded between 14,3225,67 % and 30,50-48,10 MJ/kg in the result of liquefaction process respectively. On the other hand, from the results it was found that the maximum water solubility, amount of maximum biogas yield and maximum methane content of biogas were (83,2 % (by mass) 36,20 mL biogas/1g(dry) original cow manure and 52,40 % (by volume), (47,35 % (by mass), 33,34 mL biogas/1g original solid market wastes and 53,30 % (by volume) and (17,48 % (by mass), 2,64 mL biogas/1g original treatment sludge and 46,80% (by volume). According to results, it was found that petroleum-like liquid products can be obtained from these wastes by selecting suitable liquefaction conditions and these organic wastes were used for biogas production efficiently after converting into water soluble substances.
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    THE INVESTIGATION OF THE CONVERT TO BIOGAS AND SUBSTANCE SOLUBLE IN WATER OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIC SOLID WASTE COMPONENTS (MARKET WASTES)
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Pehlivan, Ergun
    Biogas is a part of the natural circle. Biogas is formed by the activity of anaerobic bacteria. In nature biogas is produced for example in bogs. It is also possible to produce from biological material in an environment free from air. The gas that is produced is methane (CH4), which is an excellent fuel for heat, electricity, and cars that doesn't drain the earth's fossil resources. The raw-material in biogas production has traditionally been waste from the food industries, and communal sewage treatment works. Biogas is comprised of about 60 % methane, 40 % carbon dioxide, and between 0.2 to 0.4 % hydrogen sulfide. One cubic meter clean biogas is approximately the same as one litre gasoline. Biogas is the most environmentally friendly automotive fuel commercially available today In this study, Aqueous slurries of municipal solid organic waste components (market wastes) which has been taken from the Selcuklu Municipality Local Bazaar has been used in experiments in order to determine water solubility and biogas production. The aqueous sludge directly without any pretreatment is carried out to determine the percentage of water solubility of solid in laboratory. The percentages of water solubility of solid sample was determined gravimetrically by filtering and weighting the dry solid. The filtrates were used for anaerobic processes in order to determine the biogas amount. Anaerobic process was carried out at 303 K for 45 days. The volume of produced gas, which was collected at five-day intervals, was measured and calculated at STP (Standard temperature and pressure). It was found from the results that the maximum water solubility, total amount of biogas and methane and the maximum methane content of biogas were 47,35% (by mass), 63,2 mL, 34,0 mL and 53,79 % respectively. It was concluded that the market waste is used for biogas production efficiently after converting into water soluble substances.