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Öğe Metabolomics-based profiling with chemometric approach to delineate the bio-pharmaceutical properties of fruit extracts from Ligustrum vulgare L(ELSEVIER, 2019) Rocchetti, Gabriele; Senizza, Biancamaria; Zengin, Gökhan; Şenkardeş, İsmail; Sadeer, Nabeelah Bibi; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Lucini, LuigiLigustrum vulgare L. (Family: Oleaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to North-west Africa, Europe and Western Asia. In the present work, infusion (water), ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the fruits of L. vulgare L. were studied for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties along with their untargeted polyphenolic profile (using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry approach). Untargeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistics showed that Ligustrum fruit extracts were very abundant in polyphenols, such as flavonoids, tyrosols and lignans, with ethyl acetate allowing the highest recovery among the extraction solvents tested. The methanolic extract inhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase and glucosidase activity (4.23 mg galatamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, 132.85 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g and 1.94 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g respectively) while the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the highest butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and amylase activity (4.92 mg GALAE/g and 0.73 mmol ACAE/g, respectively). However, the infusion showed the weakest activity against all the enzymes studied. However, the extract showed highest antioxidant property in'the antioxidant assays (except for phosphomolybdenum). The present paper is the first comprehensive report on L. vulgare fruits and thus our findings are of considerable interest to design new bioproducts for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry in the future.Öğe Phenolic profiling and in vitro bioactivity of Moringa oleifera leaves as affected by different extraction solvents(ELSEVIER, 2020) Rocchetti, Gabriele; Pagnossa, Jorge Pamplona; Blasi, Francesca; Cossignani, Lina; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf; Zengin, Gökhan; Montesano, Domenico; Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro; Lucini, LuigiIn this work the (poly)-phenolic profile of Moringa oleifera leaves was comprehensively investigated through untargeted metabolomics, following a homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) using three solvent systems, i.e. methanol (HAE-1), methanol-water 50:50 v/v (HAE-2) and ethyl acetate (HAE-3). This approach allowed to putatively annotate 291 compounds, recording mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids. Thereafter, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and enzyme inhibition were assayed in the different extracts. HAE-1 extract showed the highest total phenolic content (31.84 mg/g), followed by HAE-2 (26.95 mg/g) and HAE-3 (14.71 mg/g). In addition, HAE-1 and HAE-2 extracts exhibited an expressive activity against Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua. The HAE-2 leaf extract was characterized by the highest DPPH and ARTS values (being 49.55 and 45.26 mgTE/g), while ferric reducing antioxidant power was found to be higher in HAE-1 (58.26 mgTE/g). Finally, the enzyme inhibitory effects of M. oleifera leaf extracts were investigated against five enzymes, namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, a-amylase and a-glucosidase. All of the tested extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE with a higher activity for HAE-3 and HAE-1, whilst HAE-1 showed the higher impact on tyrosinase, glucosidase and amylase activities. Taken together, these findings suggest that M. oleifera leaf extracts are a good source of bioactive polyphenols with a potential use in food and pharma industries.Öğe UHPLC-QTOF-MS phytochemical profiling and in vitro biological properties of Rhamnus petiolaris (Rhamnaceae)(ELSEVIER, 2019) Rocchetti, Gabriele; Miras-Moreno, Maria Begona; Zengin, Gökhan; Şenkardeş, İsmail; Sadeer, Nabeelah Bibi; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Lucini, LuigiThe genus Rhanmus has a great attention as source of bioactive compounds. So, this work aimed to investigate phytochemical profile and biological activity of water and methanolic extracts of different parts of Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss. & Balansa, namely twigs, leaves, mature and unmature fruits. The in vitro antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory properties, along with their polyphenol and anthraquinone profiles were determined by untargeted metabolomics. Results showed that methanolic and aqueous unmature fruit extracts were the most effective 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenger (470.96 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g and 394.96 mg TE/g, respectively). The aqueous unmature fruit extract displayed the most potent cupric and ferric reducing power and showed the highest total phenolic contents (TPC) (137.17 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g). The methanolic twig extract showed the highest enzymatic inhibitory property against of alpha-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). On the basis of the correlation coefficients calculated separately for all experimental parameter pairs, flavonols and anthocyanins highly correlated with DPPH, whereas tyrosols correlated with BChE activity. Multivariate statistics following untargeted metabolomics allowed to describe the differences in polyphenols and anthraquinones, as affected by the extraction solvent used. Mature and unmature fruits were substantially comparable and were affected in a similar way by the extraction conditions, while different profiles were recorded for Rhamnus leaves and twigs. These findings indicate that the recovery efficiencies of specific subclasses of compounds (above all when considering flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthraquinones) as a function of the matrix and extraction chosen, significantly affect the phytochemical profile and biological activity of Rhamnus.Öğe Untargeted metabolomic profiling of three Crataegus species (hawthorn) and their in vitro biological activities(WILEY, 2019) Rocchetti, Gabriele; Senizza, Biancamaria; Zengin, Gökhan; Mahomodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Senkardes, Ismail; Lobine, Devina; Lucini, LuigiBACKGROUND In this investigation, the chemical and biological profiles of three Turkish Crataegus species (Crataegus orientalis, Crataegus szovitsii and Crataegus tanacetifolia) were studied in order to provide the first comprehensive characterization and their health-promoting potential. In this respect, polyphenolic profiles were evaluated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the Crataegus samples were evaluated by using free-radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, ferrous-ion chelating, and reducing power assays. The inhibitory activities against alpha-glucosidase, amylase, cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), and tyrosinase were also established. RESULTS The untargeted metabolomic approach highlighted the effect of both extraction types and species on the phenolic profiles of different Crateagus tissues (i.e. leaves and twigs). The methanolic extracts showed the maximum radical scavenging and reducing activity in all test systems, whereas for ferrous-ion chelating assays the decocted and infused extracts showed the highest activity. Only the methanolic extracts were effective against AChE and BChE. The extract tested showed remarkable inhibitory effects against tyrosinase and alpha-glucosidase, whereas all the extracts exhibited modest inhibition against alpha-amylase. Overall, the twig extracts of the three species studied showed superior antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION On the basis of these results, the three Crataegus species can be classified as potent bioresources for high-value phytochemicals, which warrant further investigations for developing novel nutraceuticals. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe Untargeted metabolomic profiling, Multivariate Analysis and Biological Evaluation of the true mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata Lam.)(MDPI, 2019) Sadeer, Nabeelah Bibi; Rocchetti, Gabriele; Senizza, Biancamaria; Montesano, Domenico; Zengin, Gökhan; Uysal, Ahmet; Jeewon, Rajesh; Lucini, Luigi; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziCurrently, there is a renewed interest towards the development of plant-based pharmacophores. In this work, 16 extracts prepared from the leaves, twigs, roots and fruits of a hydro-halophyte, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Family: Rhizophoraceae), were studied for possible antioxidant activity and the phenolic profiles established. Thereafter, enzymatic inhibitory activities (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetyl- (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, and elastase) were assessed. The total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, flavanol and triterpenoid content were estimated using standard assays. An untargeted metabolomics-based approach, based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) followed by multivariate statistics, was then used to comprehensively profile and describe the phenolics present. UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed for putatively annotating 104 phenolic acids, 103 flavonols, 94 flavones, 71 anthocyanins, 66 tyrosols, 29 lignans, 15 alkylphenols and 10 stilbenes in the extracts. Nine strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella enteritidis, Sarcina lutea, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) were then used to investigate the antimicrobial properties. The methanolic twig extract exhibited significant reducing potential towards Cu (II)/Cu (I) and Fe (III)/Fe (II) (1336.88 +/- 15.70 and 710.18 +/- 21.04 mg TE/g, respectively) and was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (807.07 +/- 6.83 mg TE/g). Additionally, the methanolic twig extract showed significant inhibition against most targeted enzymes. Anti-microbial results showed that all extracts were active against MRSA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the phenolic profile of ethyl acetate extracts and leaves were the two most discriminative parameters in terms of solvents and organs, respectively. The present findings indicated that R. mucronata may be further explored for the management/prevention of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative complications and hyperpigmentation.
