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    DETERMINING THE PHYSICO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE STALKS FORDESIGNING HARVESTER
    (PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENTISTS FORUM, 2017) Seflek, A. Y.
    Physical characteristics of crops and plants are significant issues in designing machinery to harvest them. Therefore in the present study, general physical properties, bending stress, modulus of elasticity, shear stress and specific shearing energy were determined over stalks of 10 different maize (Zeamays L.) cultivars. Test specimens were taken from three different locations of stalks as of upper section, middle section and bottom section. Average moisture contents of upper, middle and bottom sections were respectively observed as 78.18, 73.87 and 69.91%. The average bending force varied between 40 -459.3N and the average modulus of elasticity varied between 10.04-673.84 MPa. The modulus of elasticity decreased with increasing stalk diameters. Variance analysis revealed that Bora, SX-689, MocejonI and DK-585 were similar cultivars and their modulus of elasticity were greater than the other cultivars (P < 0.01). The results also showed decreasing shearing stress and specific shearing energy values toward the upper sections of the stalks. The maximum shearing stress and the specific shearing energy were 5.27MPa and 213.03 mJmm(-2), respectively. According to variance analysis, the cultivarsSX-689 and Mocejon-I were also found to be as similar varieties and their specific shearing energies were greater than the other cultivars (P < 0.01). Both the shearing stress and specific shearing energy were found to be higher along the bottom section of the stalks due to the structural heterogeneity.
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    SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAFFLOWER STALK
    (AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS, 2009) Oezbek, O.; Seflek, A. Y.; Carman, K.
    General physical properties, bending stress, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, shearing stress, and specific shearing energy were determined for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stalks. Test specimens were taken front two locations of the stalk: front the bottom and front the top region. Experiments were conducted in five different moisture contents of stalk. The bending stress decreased with increasing moisture content. The average bending stress value varied between 54.02 and 13.81 MPa. The modulus of elasticity in bending decreased with increases at the moisture content and the modulus of elasticity increased towards the top region. The average modulus of elasticity varied between 439.49 and 95.62 MPa. The modulus of tangent in compressing decreased as the moisture content increased. The average tangent modulus varied between 31.39 and 6.35 daNmm(-1). The shearing stress and the specific shearing energy increased with increasing moisture content. The maximum shearing stress and the specific shearing energy were 1.37 MPa and 94.64 mJmm(-2) respectively. Both the shearing stress and specific shearing energy were found to be higher in the bottom region of the stalk.