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    Ultrasonic determination of fetal sex in ewes under field conditions by a single investigation
    (SCHATTAUER GMBH-VERLAG MEDIZIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, 2007) Sendag, S.; Celik, H. A.; Aydin, I.; Dinc, D. A.; Wehrend, A.; Guerkan, M.
    Objective: Ultrasonic determination of fetal sex in ewes under field conditions by a single examination. Material and methods: Accuracy of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonographic determination of fetal sex was examined in 210 ewes with singletons or twins between the 40th to 90th day post mating. Examinations were conducted under field conditions by ultrasonography with a linear-array 5 MHz transducer. Day 1 was the first day after mating. Single transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examinations were performed in standing position of the sheep. Fetal sex determination was performed on days 40 to 49 (group I), days 50 to 59 (group II), days 60 to 69 (group III), days 70 to 79 (group IV) and days 80 to 90 (group V). Definite diagnoses were made after lambing. Results: The accuracy was 0% in group I (0/42), 40.0% in group II (13/42),33.3% in group III (14/42),64.2% in group IV (27/42) and 47.6% in group V(20/42). The differences between groups IV and V to groups I to III were significant(p < 0.05). The accuracy of fetal sex diagnosis was also influenced by singletons or twins (p < 0.05). Conclusion and clinical relevance:The results show that a single ultrasonographic examination is nota proper method for determination of fetal sex in sheep underfield conditions.
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    Ultrasonography of the Bovine Udder
    (1999) Sendag, S.; Dinc, D. A.
    The objective of the study was to determine the normal ultrasonographic appearance of mammary gland and teat of lactating cow. Mammary quarters were examined directly contact and in the water bath by a real-time 5-7.5 MHz linear array transducer connected to a real time ultrasound equipment. The data obtained by direct scanning and in the water bath were evaluated comparatively. The study was carried out a total of 150 teats and udders of the 50 cows brought to the Gynecology Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selçuk. Ultrasonographically teat tissue is divided into 3 layers, a hyperechoic outer layer, a hypoechoic middle layer and more hyperechoic inner layer. The papillary duct and rosette of Furstenberg were monitered as hyperechoic. The teat sinus were observed as an anechoic area continuous with the gland sinus. At the base of the teat, the annular ring appeared as a hypoechoic structure extending into the lumen. The plexus venosus papillaris, in the middle layer of the teat, and the circulus venosus papillae, the annular fold area, were detected as sonographically anechoic. As a conclusion morphological structures of the bovine teat and udder can be differentiated with B-mode ultrasound. Diagnostic ultrasound can be recommended as an additional diagnostic tool for stenose and other abnormalities of the teat in dairy cows.