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    Chemical Characterization of Canola and Sunflower Oil Deodorizer Distillates
    (INST ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & FOOD RESEARCH POLISH ACAD SCIENCES OLSZTYN, 2014) Naz, Saba; Sherazi, Syed Tufail Hussain; Talpur, Farah Naz; Kara, Huseyin; Uddin, Siraj; Khaskheli, Abdul Rauf
    In the present work deodorizer distillates of canola and sunflower oil were studied for their chemical characterization. Tocopherols, sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acid composition were determined by Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicated that deodorizer distillates of canola oil (DDCLO) studied had higher saponification value in the range of 164.2-175.8 mg/g and all deodorizer distillates of sunflower oil (DDSFO) had high iodine value of 126.2-127.1 g/100 g. Peroxide value and free fatty acids were present in the range between 7.0-8.9 mEq/Kg and 35.7-54.4 g/100 g in DDSFO and DDCLO samples, respectively. Contents of oleic acid (49.3-51.1 g/100 g) and linolenic acid (6.2-7.5 g/100 g) were significantly greater in DDCLO samples. Conversely, DDSFO contained concentrated amount of linoleic acid (52.8-53.3 g/100 g). Tocopherols and hydrocarbons were significantly higher in all DDSFO samples while, sterols were dominant in DDCLO samples. GC MS provided excellent results for simultaneous determination of tocopherols, sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acid composition of deodorizer distillates of canola and sunflower oil.
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    A green approach for the production of biodiesel from fatty acids of corn deodorizer distillate
    (ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY, 2014) Naz, Saba; Kara, Huseyin; Sherazi, Syed Tufail Hussain; Aljabour, Abdalaziz; Talpur, Farah Naz
    A novel alginic acid derived tin catalyst, tin alginate (Sn-Alg), was successfully synthesized, characterized and applied for methyl esterification. Initially, the amount of catalyst, methanol to fatty acid ratio and reaction time were optimized using an oleic acid standard for esterification. The optimal reaction conditions were found to be 4% catalyst, 1 : 12 oleic acid to methanol mole ratio and 2 h reaction time with 98.7% fatty acid methyl ester recovery. The capability of Sn-Alg beads to esterify the fatty acids of corn deodorizer distillate was evaluated. High recovery (97.6%) of esters was obtained after 8 cycles using reprocessed catalyst under the optimized parameters. The results of the present study indicated that based on the environmental pollution, reusability, avoiding the use of potassium or sodium hydroxides or sulphuric or phosphoric acids, and ease of catalyst separation, the solid Sn-Alg catalyst has a great potential for biodiesel production from highly free fatty acid deodorizer distillates.