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    Distribution of Major Sugars, Acids and Total Phenols in Juice of Five Grapevine (Vitis Spp.) Cultivars at Different Stages of Berry Development
    (SPANISH NATL INST AGRICULTURAL & FOOD RESEARCH & TECHNOLO, 2010) Sabır, A.; Kafkas, E.; Tangolar, S.
    The juices of five grapevine cultivars cultivated in a typical Mediterranean climate were analyzed for sugars, organic acids, and phenols at four distinct stages of berry development. When the unripe berries were almost in full size, the glucose and fructose contents, based on HPLC detection, ranged from 13.3 to 30.7 g L(-1) and from 8.3 to 23.7 g L(-1) for 'Muscat of Alexandria' and 'Muscat of Hamburg', respectively. At this stage, tartaric acid concentration was between 10.3 ('Italia') and 12.3 g L(-1) ('Muscat of Alexandria'), while the level of total phenols was low. Up to veraison, there were slight reductions in organic acids, while sugar content increased slightly. However, dramatic changes in all genotypes were apparent after veraison. Slight reductions were determined in the glucose and fructose levels of 'Italia' prior to final analysis, possibly indicating this cultivar's sensitivity to late harvest. In the final analysis, glucose and fructose content varied from 86.4 ('Italia') to 107.0 g L(-1) ('Muscat of Hamburg'), and from 73.1 ('Italia') to 94.1 g L(-1) ('Alphonse Lavallee'), respectively. Tartaric acid content of ripe berries was between 3.8 ('Alphonse Lavallee') and 5.2 g L(-1) ('Isabella') with a mean value of 4.6 g L(-1), and phenol content of mature berries ranged from 2,253 to 2,847 mg L(-1). This study provides valuable information for further understanding the sugar, acid and total phenol changes that occur in some grape cultivars during berry maturation. Therefore, these results will be useful for future research on the biochemistry of the grape berry.
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    Response of Four Grapevine (Vitis Spp.) Genotypes to Direct or Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency
    (Spanish Natl Inst Agricultural & Food Research & Technolo, 2010) Sabır, Ali; Bilir-Ekbic, Hatice; Erdem, H.; Tangolar, S.
    In Turkey, calcareous soil conditions usually cause significant decreases in grape yield. Understanding the physiological responses of grapevine genotypes under such conditions would yield invaluable knowledge to recover these problems. This study was thus conducted on the comparative evaluation of the responses of four Vitis spp. materials (a cultivar, 'Alphonse Lavallee', and three rootstocks, 'Fercal', '99 R' and '1613 C'), differing in tolerance potential to direct and lime-induced chlorosis. In greenhouse, rooted cuttings were grown in inert perlite using containers for two years with complete Hoagland nutrients solution except for Fe as variable. The experiment comprised five applications performed for three times per year. Iron applications (FeNaEDTA) in 9 and 36 mg L(-1) doses and their combinations with 840 mg L(-1) NaHCO(3) were compared with control (iron-free Hoagland solution). FeNaEDTA addition into nutrient solution induced significant increases in iron and chlorophyll contents across the genotypes. The highest Fe level was determined in 'Fercal' (169.8 mg kg(-1)) with 36 mg L(-1) FeNaEDTA. Bicarbonate additions restricted the vegetative development of '1613 C'. For instance, iron content of '99 R' was 137.9 mg kg(-1) when treated with 9 mg L(-1) FeNaEDTA, whereas the iron value reduced to 73.9 mg kg(-1) when NaHCO(3) was added. 'Alphonse Lavallee' and 'Fercal' displayed their lime-tolerances by exhibiting little reduction of both iron and chlorophyll contents. Therefore, 'Fercal' would be proven as a favorable rootstock for regions with calcareous soil. Tolerance to NaHCO(3)-induced Fe shortage appeared to be genotype-dependent. Chlorophyll content of young leaves positively correlated with Fe concentration, indicating the vital role of iron in chlorophyll content of leaves.