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Öğe Age and gender related changes in bronchial tree: a morphometric study with multidedector CT(VERDUCI PUBLISHER, 2016) Ulusoy, M.; Uysal, I. I.; Kivrak, A. S.; Ozbek, S.; Karabulut, A. K.; Paksoy, Y.; Unver Dogan, N.OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are the identification of differences in the diameter, length, area and branching angles of the trachea and bronchi with gender and age, and the identification of trachea types by using MDCT images. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The thoracic MDCT images of 253 patients (0-74 years old, 142 male and 111 female) were evaluated. Tracheal diameter, tracheal cross-sectional area, diameter and length of bronchi, and several angles of the bronchial tree [e.g. subcarinal angles (SCA), interbronchial angles (IBA)] were measured. RESULTS: Average anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the trachea in adult patients were measured as 15.8 +/- 2.9 mm and 17.5 +/- 3.7 mm respectively. Average tracheal cross-sectional areas in adult patients were calculated as 160.7 +/- 41.3 mm(2) in females and as 275.7 +/- 57.3 mm(2) in males. Four types of trachea were identified as circular (68% in adults, 73% in children), oval (13%, 15%), rectangular (11%, 5%) and horseshoe shaped (8%, 7%). The average right and left SCA were calculated as 34.5 degrees +/- 8.1 degrees and 38.1 degrees +/- 8.9 degrees respectively. The average right and left IBA were calculated as 32.4 degrees +/- 7.7 degrees and 35.2 degrees +/- 8.1 degrees respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study may be helpful during bronchoscopy and tube and stent application procedures. MDCT seems to be a convenient technique for the evaluation of the bronchial tree.Öğe Investigation of Developmental Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Antiemetics on Rat Embryos Cultured In Vitro(WILEY, 2013) Fazliogullari, Z.; Karabulut, A. K.; Uysal, I. I.; Unver Dogan, N.; Acar, H.In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the direct toxic and teratogenic effects of dimenhydrinate, metoclopramide and trimethobenzamide HCl, antiemetic drugs on embryonic growth and development in cultured rat embryos. Embryos were explanted on day 9.5 of gestation and cultured. Whole rat serum was used as a culture medium for the control group while different concentrations of dimenhydrinate (2.5-20 mu g/ml), metoclopramide (10-50 mu g/ml) and trimethobenzamide HCl (25-100 mu g/ml) were added to serum for the experimental groups. Effects of antiemetics on embryonic developmental parameters were compared, and embryos were evaluated for the presence of any malformations. Also, the total DNA was extracted from the cells to determine the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of embryonic cells. Compared with the control embryos, the antiemetics significantly decreased all growth and developmental parameters dose dependently. There was no difference regarding the fragmentation of nuclear DNA of the all used agents and controls. Amongst the agents, trimethobenzamide HCl was found to have more toxic and teratogenic potential, and metoclopramide appears to be the least toxic antiemetic and therefore could be more safely used and might be preferred for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.