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    Adsorption of dyes on Sahara desert sand
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2009) Varlikli, Canan; Bekiari, Vlasoula; Kus, Mahmut; Boduroglu, Numan; Oner, Ilker; Lianos, Panagiotis; Lyberatos, Gerasimos
    Sahara desert sand (SaDeS) was employed as a mineral sorbent for retaining organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Natural sand has demonstrated a strong affinity for organic dyes but significantly lost its adsorption capacity when it was washed with water. Therefore, characterization of both natural and water washed sand was performed by XRD, BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. It was found that water-soluble kyanite, which is detected in natural sand, is the dominant factor affecting adsorbance of cationic dyes. The sand adsorbs over 75% of cationic dyes but less than 21% for anionic ones. Among the dyes studied, Methylene Blue (MB) demonstrated the strongest affinity for Sahara desert sand (Q(e) = 11.98 mg/g, for initial dye solution concentration 3.5 x 10(-5) mol/L). The effects of initial dye concentration, the amount of the adsorbent, the temperature and the pH of the solution on adsorption capacity were tested by using Methylene Blue as model dye. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were applied. It was concluded that adsorption of Methylene Blue on Sahara desert sand followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy change and entropy change were calculated and found -6411 J/mol, -30360 J/mol and -76.58 J/mol K, respectively. These values indicate that the adsorption is an exothermic process and has a spontaneous nature at low temperatures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Optical and electrochemical properties of polyether derivatives of perylenediimides adsorbed on nanocrystalline metal oxide films
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2008) Kus, Mahmut; Hakli, Oezguel; Zafer, Ceylan; Varlikli, Canan; Demic, Serafettin; Ozcelik, Serdar; Ieli, Siddik
    We report optical and electrochemical properties of polyether derivatives of perylenediimides (PDIs) thin films formed in various materials (semiconductor, insulator, amorphous and self-assembly). Perylenediimides adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO2 (NT) nanocrystalline alumina (NA), amorphous silicon (PS) and neat self-assemblied (SA) films were prepared and characterized based on spectroscopic, electrochemical, spectro-electrochemical techniques. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of PDIs in chloroform exhibit vibronic features. The fluorescence quantum yields (Phi(f)) of PDIs with end amino substituents in chloroform solutions are over 0.95, while the quantum yield of triethoxyphenyl substituted PDI Phi(f) value is 0.024 in solution. Optical spectroscopy proves that PDIs in metal oxide thin films form aggregated type complexes. An electrochromism, a color change from red to blue/violet, is observed on metal oxide films, that indicates existence of mono and dianion forms of PDIs. Reversibility of electrochemical reductions in NT film depends on the scanning rate. However, electrochromism in NA films is stable and reversibility is independent from scanning rate. Stable mono and diaionic species are formed on NA films. SA films show broad absorption peaks during the voltammetric scan. On the other hand. the first reduction onset potentials of PDIs are almost equal to the onset potential of capacitive current of TiO2 which lead to low efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.