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Öğe 3D MODELING OF HISTORICAL DOGER CARAVANSARIES BY DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY(COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2013) Yakar, M.; Uysal, M.; Toprak, A. S.; Polat, N.Caravansaries are sort of bigger khan that established on the busy trade roads to provide any kind of supplies but essentially all Caravansaries on Anatolia are established for caravans' accommodations which are passing through on caravan rout. After the Turks had chosen being Muslim, the land that Islam religion spread on it has expanded. As a result of this expansion it is required a safe route for trade caravans. During the ruling time of Seljuk's Empire, Caravansaries took the most advanced form. Sultans of the Seljuk's Empire were aware of importance of trade and economy. That's why they established Caravansaries near marines, between the important trade centers and on Anatolian lands which is a bridge between East and West. But these trade routes has changed at the time of Ottoman Empire. Many of the historical places in the world have been totally or partly destroyed by natural events and human activities such as earthquake, flood and fire until the present day and still going on. Documentation is essentially required for protection and restoration these historical places and photogrammetry is one of the most effective method for documentation of cultural heritages. In this study, it is aimed to get 3D models of Doger Caravansaries which is established in Afyonkarahisar for relief and advertising. Doger Caravansaries was built in 15. Century at Sultan II Murat eras but the exact date of building is not known. The structure has rectangular plan in width. The total length of it is 56.50 in meters. The Caravansaries is consisting of attached two parts. The first part has two floors. There are pointed arched niches in the two sides of the wall and there are windows (iron barred) in the middle of the each niche. The door is fillet low arched. First floor rises on four elephant foot columns and ten other small columns. Short sides are covered by two each cross squinch and the other parts with barrel vault. There is a ladder with only ten remain levels opposite the main gate. Today, it has been cancelled to reach upstairs. The underside of the satires is empty. There are two loophole windows at the both two short side. The columns that are near the long walls are bounded each other with arches and overlaid with cross squinches. The rooms in the second floor have domes. One of these rooms was arranged as prey room. The second part of Caravansaries is single storey and walls made of rubble. There are four columns inside the room and they bounded with arches. Back side of the rooms were destroyed by earth quake and restored. This restoration was not appropriate with its original plan but the good one is that the Caravansaries was saved from totally comedown. It is aimed to survey Doger Caravansaries Photogrammetricaly and generate 3D model covered by real tissues. In this study, South NTS-352 Total Station is used to constitute a closed polygon with 6 point. The coordinates of polygon points are calculated by distance and direction measurements. Levelling was carried out for determining the height of polygon points. Photographs was taken by Nikon D7000 camera. 3D model and faces were created in Photomodeler software.Öğe DETERMINATION OF EROSION ON A SMALL FAIRY CHIMNEY(SPRINGER, 2011) Yakar, M.; Yilmaz, H. M.[Abstract not Available]Öğe Determining Rates of Erosion of an Earth Pillar by Terrestrial Laser Scanning(Springer Heidelberg, 2010) Yılmaz, H. M.; Yakar, M.; Yıldız, F.; Karabörk, H.; Kavurmacı, M. M.; Mutluoğlu, O.; Göktepe, A.This paper will show how a three-dimensional (3D) terrestrial laser scanning system can be used to assess the erosion of a sample earth pillar located in Selime in the Cappadocia region of central Turkey. These pillars are known locally as 'Fairy Chimneys'; they are a wonder of both the natural and cultural worlds and have importance from historical perspectives. Sixty million years ago, the region was formed from soft layers of lava and ash spewed out by the Erciyes, Hasan, and Gullu mountains. The landscape was then abraded by rain and wind over the years and the earth pillars were formed from the tuff. Due to atmospheric effects the pillars are undergoing chemical and physical deterioration. In order to conserve the earth pillars, an understanding of the deterioration phenomenon of the tuff is essential. In the last years, three-dimensional (3D) terrestrial laser scanning systems have been very successfully employed in many engineering applications. The high quantity and precision of the measured points enable the user to generate realistic and 3D illustrations of complex objects. The sample earth pillar in Selime was modeled in 3D by terrestrial laser scanning three times during two six-month periods with an average of 10 mm horizontal and vertical intervals on the surface. The volume differences were computed from the same volume surface for each period and these differences determined whether erosion had taken place. At the end of the study, it was detected that there was partial erosion on this earth pillar resulting from physical intervention.Öğe DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL GENERATION BY ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENT(WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC, 2009) Yakar, M.[Abstract not Available]Öğe Documentation of historical caravansaries by digital close range photogrammetry(ELSEVIER, 2008) Yilmaz, H. M.; Yakar, M.; Yildiz, F.Heritage and culture are two important components in life of societies. Monuments and monumental groups are constructions of great value because of they represent the history and memory of the communities where they are placed. Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Conservation of cultural heritage is a major issue for modem societies, both from economical and cultural viewpoints. Caravansaries are one of the cultural heritages. Caravansary means home or shelter for caravans ("caravan" meaning a group or convoy of soldiers, traders or pilgrims engaged in long distance travel). Caravansaries supported the flow of commerce, information and people across a network of trade routes of Asia, North Africa and South-Eastern Europe. There are several documentation techniques available in order to document cultural heritage. These techniques are indispensable tools for the conservation of heritage monuments. These methods and equipment commonly are used for the documentation and surveying of buildings. Digital close range photogrammetry is one of the most important methods in documenting of cultural heritage. In this study, historical Zazadin Caravansary (Khan) on Silk Road was evaluated and documented by digital close range photogrammetry. It has shown that this method is very efficient compared with traditional method in documenting cultural heritage. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe The Effect of Grid Resolution in Defining Terrain Surface(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2010) Yakar, M.; Yilmaz, H. M.; Yurt, K.[Abstract not Available]Öğe Evaluation of Laser Scanner Performance in Documentation of Historical and Architectural Ruins, a Case Study in Konya(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2010) Korumaz, A. Güleç; Korumaz, M.; Dülgerler, O. N.; Karasaka, L.; Yıldız, F.; Yakar, M.Our country is rich not only with historical monuments also with many archeological places which especially belong to Rome, Seljukian and Ottoman period and before. Many late period historical monuments demolished because of destructive effects of wars, natural disasters, neglect. Conventional methods are not sufficient and sometimes they don't give good results in documentation of historical ruins because of the fact that the building or monument is structurally deformed. It is precedence needed to get 3D datum for research and documentation of these kinds of historical ruins. It gets more difficult to measure and draw these kinds of remains because of their deformation in their basic geometry and materials with destructive effects of years. Documentation with laser scanner is needed to determine destruction dimension, deformation, structural analysis and material measurement. This 3D documentation gives sensitive results in decision making process, restoration and restitution projects. In this study, it will be emphasized the importance of documentation of historical ruins and some examples scanned with laser scanner will be given from Konya-Turkey as example.Öğe GIS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGES(SELCUK UNIV PRESS, 2018) Yakar, M.; Dogan, Y.Cultural heritages are the history of the nations, and history forms the identities of the nations. Therefore, protection of cultural heritages means protection of the history and identity of the nations. Identification of the current status of cultural heritages is important for documentation, preservation, and for use as a base for restoration. Documentation studies need robust and scientific methods. GIS and photogrammetry have recently been the most commonly used scientific methods for documenting cultural heritages. The aim of this study is investigate the photogrammetric method and GIS for documentation of cultural heritages digitally. In documentation studies, digital terrestrial photogrammetry is one of the main methods of processing information of historical monuments on computers according to GIS and documenting it in three dimensions. In this study for documentation, all data of 46 historical monuments located in Silifke/Mersin were collected and transferred to a database so that it is made queryable. Some of those heritages were reconstructed as 3D models by the use of photogrammetric techniques. Finally, 3D Models were integrated into the system for presentation.Öğe Importance of digital close-range photogrammetry in documentation of cultural heritage(ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER, 2007) Yimaz, H. M.; Yakar, M.; Gulec, S. A.; Dulgerler, O. N.It is an indisputable reality that the most important thing for transmitting cultural heritage to posterity is a sensitive documentation. Up to the present there have been many developments in documentation of cultural heritage by developing technology, and contemporary documentation techniques have progressed speedily. In time, modern methods have become preferable to conventional methods in architecture generally in the existent state and in determination of deformations and preparation of measured drawing projects of historical edifices. Digital and 3D data, rich visual images obtained by digital close-range photogrammetry, and orthophoto images of edifices, are governed and shepherded in documentation and future conservation projects. Also, these methods supply much ease, precision and time-saving in measured drawing projects when compared with conventional methods. In this study, contributions of digital close-range photogrammetry to measured drawing projects were evaluated. A historical building, which had been exposed to fire two times in Konya (Turkey), was photographed and its situation before and after the fire was demonstrated. In addition, the building's measured drawings of facade and its 3D model were completed using digital close-range photogrammetry. The building's present status and its reconstruction project is indicated and how digital close-range photogrammetry contributes to measured drawing, reconstruction and restoration projects is presented. Furthermore, the significance of present-day use of digital close-range photogrammetry in the acquisition of data and preparation of measured drawing projects for historical buildings is emphasized. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, urban planners and restorers. (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigating Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Data in Konya, Turkey(COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2016) Orhan, O.; Yakar, M.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate multi-temporal land surface temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) changes of Konya in Turkey using remotely sensed data. Konya is located in the semi-arid central Anatolian region of Turkey and hosts many important wetland sites including Salt Lake. Six images taken by Landsat-5 TM and Landsat 8- OLI satellites were used as the basic data source. These raw images were taken in 1984, 2011 and 2014 intended as long-term and short-term. Firstly, those raw images was corrected radiometric and geometrically within the scope of project. Three mosaic images were obtained by using the full-frame images of Landsat-5 TM / 8-OLI which had been already transformed comparison each other. Then, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps have been produced to determine the dimension of the drought. The obtained results showed that surface temperature rates in the basin increased about 5 degrees C between 1984 and 2014 as long periods, increased about 2-3 degrees C between 2011and 2014 as short periods. Meteorological data supports the increase in temperature.Öğe Measurement of Petroglyhps (Rock of Arts) of Qobustan with Close Range Photogrammetry(COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2010) Alyılmaz, C.; Alyılmaz, S.; Yakar, M.Qobustan was declared a national historical landmark of Azerbaijan in an attempt to preserve the ancient carvings, relics, mud volcanoes and gas-stones in the region. The mountains Beyukdash, Kichikdash, Jingirdag, and the Yazili hill were taken under legal government protection. These mountains are located near the Caspian Sea, in southeast part of Gobustan. In 2007 Qobustan was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value" for the quality and density of its rock art engravings, for the substantial evidence the collection of rock art images presents for hunting, fauna, flora and lifestyles in pre-historic times and for the cultural continuity between prehistoric and mediaeval times that the site reflects In this study, photogrammetric evaluation of Qobustan have been completed.Öğe Monitoring of Soil Erosion in Cappadocia Region (Selime-Aksaray-Turkey)(Springer, 2012) Yılmaz, H. M.; Yakar, M.; Mutluoğlu, O.; Kavurmacı, M. M.; Yurt, K.A fairy chimney is a conical rock formation, typically found in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. The geology of areas where fairy chimneys exist typically comprise a thick layer of tuff, covered by a thin layer of basalt or other volcanic rocks that are more resistant to erosion than the underlying tuff. Fairy chimneys are formed where a small cap or boulder of the original basalt remains, protecting a cone of tuff beneath it from erosion. Eventually, the tuff will be undercut to the extent that the cap falls off, and the remaining cone is then quickly eroded. In this study, the formation of fairy chimneys in the Cappadocia region was examined by investigating the surface soil erosion. A study area was selected and then scanned at five different times by a geodetic robotic total station at 40 cm horizontal and vertical intervals. The volumes of the study area were calculated from the same height and erosion was calculated from the volume differences indicated by the data. The relationship between erosion and meteorological data was analyzed, and showed that erosion had increased due to climatic conditions, particularly from the effect of rainfall.Öğe Performance of Photogrammetric and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Methods in Volume Computing of Excavtion and Filling Areas(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2014) Yakar, M.; Yilmaz, H. M.; Mutluoglu, O.Volume calculations in filling and cutting areas are required for many engineering applications, particularly those to be used in civil engineering and mining work. Volume calculation, generally, is achieved with classical surveying methods. However, in modern geodetic and photogrammetric methods, volume computations are obtained from the differences between the defined surfaces. Volume calculations must have been carried out as accurately, economically and in a short time period with respect to the expectations. Recently, there are important developments in software and hardware which have had a positive effect on geodetic and photogrammetric methods. Now, many studies related to terrain can be completed more easily, faster and more accurately. The terrain surfaces can be defined by modern geodetic instruments and laser scanners; thus, volumes could be obtained from differences of terrain surfaces. In this study, the ability of digital close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning was investigated in terms of volume calculation. For this purpose, both photogrammetric and terrestrial laser scanning methods were used for volume calculation in an excavation and filling area. It was observed that each method could be used in volume computing depending on what was expected from the volume process.Öğe Photogrammetric Evaluation of Saint Theodoros Trion Church (Derinkuyu Kilisesi)(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2010) Yıldız, F.; Yakar, M.; Neşeli, O.; Mutluoğlu, O.Cappadocia is a region in central Turkey, largely in Nevsehir Province. The name was traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history and is still widely used as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders, in particular characterized by fairy chimneys and a unique historical and cultural heritage. The term, as used in tourism, roughly correspondsto present-day Nevsehir Province. Dating back to 4000 BC; the earliest people used to live in Goreme known as Cappadocia, in dwellings dug into the rock. Christianity came to the region, and were constructed a lot of chapels, churches and monasteries. Saint Theodoros Trion church is also one of them and biggest one. In this study; photogrammetric measurement of Saint Theodoros Trion church has been completed. Topcon GPT 3007 reflectorless total station has been used for geodetic measurement. 6 traverse net point established at surround of church. Traverse measurement has been completed and later control points on the church surface have been measure to make orientation of photographs. Drawing of the church has been completed at photomodeler photogrammetric software.Öğe Photogrammetric Measurement of the Meke Lake and Its Environment with Kite Photographs to Monitoring of Water Level to Climate Change(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2010) Yakar, M.; Yıldız, F.; Metin, A.; Uray, F.; Ulvi, A.; Karasaka, L.; Mutluoğlu, O.; Şeker, D. Z.Over the last hundred years or so, the instrumental temperature record has shown a trend in climate of increased global mean temperature, i.e., global warming. Global warming and climate change have caused a decrease in lake waters, an increase in the sea level, and changes in streams and precipitation models and have started to show negative impacts on all aquatic organisms from plankton to mammals. Semi-arid and arid areas are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change on freshwater. Unfortunately, due to global warming and the uncontrolled irrigation of farms, the "eye" of the lake has dried and rest of the lake is drying. This project has been started to get data about decreasing the water level and the physical changes in the Lake Meke. From September to March, the level of water has been determined. For this purpose, photogrammetric measurements have been done. Kite and remote-control camera has been used. With calibrated cameras and points on ground, the lake's surface has been evaluation photogrammetric software and got merged with present time map.Öğe PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODELLING OF HASBEY DAR'ULHUFFAZ (MASJID) USING AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE(SELCUK UNIV PRESS, 2018) Sasi, A.; Yakar, M.Cultural assets constitute the bridge between our past and future in the geography we live. Protecting the artifacts that survived until today and bear the experiences of history and, more importantly, passing these down to future generations are of great importance for our country. Protecting and sustaining cultural assets are duties of mankind for the sake of ownership of universal values. Therefore, documenting all cultural assets in the geography we live in is a necessity. To this end, documentation practices for cultural assets bear great significance in terms of both historical development and contributing to the world cultural heritage. This article discusses the 3D photogrammetric modelling of Hasbey Dar'ulhuffaz (madrasa for training hafiz) from the Karamanids era, which is located in Ayine Street, Mucellit Neighborhood, Meram District in Konya Province. Within this scope, firstly, four control points that cover the aforementioned cultural asset were established in the study. The coordinates for these points were determined with a Topcon FC-250 GPS. Then, photographs of the cultural asset were captured with Nikon D90 camera and aerial photographs were taken with DJI Phantom 4 unmanned aerial vehicle. DJI Go 4 and Pix4Dcapture mobile applications were used to capture photographs using the unmanned aerial vehicle. All data obtained were evaluated via Agisoft PhotoScan and Netcad software, and a 3D model of the artifact was acquired. Documentation of the 3D models for artifacts in question contribute greatly to the world cultural heritage. At the same time, the 3D model obtained constitutes a substantial and accurate resource to pass down the artifacts to future generations. The most important point is to provide an opportunity for a faithful restoration in case of any potential damage to this historical artifact from physical intervention and natural disasters. It is foreseen that this model will also offer solutions to the problems of many professional disciplines today.Öğe USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO MEASURE THE POSITION OF INACCESSIBLE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES(WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC, 2011) Yakar, M.[Abstract not Available]
