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Öğe A. Axillarisden Ayrılan A. Brachialis Süperficialis(2000) Karabulut, Ahmet Kağan; Uysal, İsmihan İlknur; Ziylan, Taner; Murshıd, Khalil AwadhAmaç: A. axillarisden ayrılan a. brachialis süperficialis varyasyonunun değerlendirilmesi. Olgu sunumu: Anatomi Anabilim Dalı rutin laboratuvar diseksiyonları esnasında 42 yaşında bir erkek kadavrada a. axillarisin 2. costa üst seviyesinde ilk dalını verdikten sonra iki köke (a. brachialis süperficialis ve a. brachialis profunda ) ayrıldığı gözlendi. A. axillarisin 2. ve 3. dalı a. brachialis süperficialisden ayrılırken, diğer dalların ise a. brachialis profundadan çıktığı tespit edildi. A. brachialis profundadan tek bir kütük olarak ayrılan A. profunda brachii bulunamadı. Bunun yerine a. brachialis profundanın A. profunda brachii seyrine uyacak şekilde onun dallarını vererek sonyandığı tespit edildi. A. brachialis süperficialisin kolun distalinde a. collateralis ulnaris superior ve inferior dallarını verdikten sonra art. cubitiden geçen transvers eksenin yaklaşık 1,5-2 cm altında terminal dallarına (a.radialis ve a. ulnaris) ayrıldığı gözlendi. Sonuç: Bu vakada a. axillarisin nadir görülen bu varyasyonunun daha önce bildirilen benzer varyasyonlardan ayrılan özelliği, a. brachialis profundadan tek bir kütük olarak ayrılan a. profunda brachiinin saptanamamış olmasıdır. A. axillarisin varyasyonlarının bilinmesi, klinik uygulamalarda plastik cerrahlar, ortopedistler ve radyologlar açısından oldukça önemlidir.Öğe An Analysis of Anatolian Human Femur Anthropometry(2002) Ziylan, Taner; Murshed, Khalil AwadhFemoral anthropometry anthropornetry from two different ages of Anatolian population groups was evaluated according to normal parametric measurements. Eleven femoral measurements with collo-diaphyseal angles were obtained from 36 right and 36 left intact human adult femora of a contemporary Central Anatolian population. For this purpose, a sliding caliper, osteometric board, tapeline and gonometer were used. Obtained data were statistically analyzed by Student's t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Our results were compared with a previous study's results obtained from human femora from the Şeyh Höyük area (southern Anatolia) dating back to the Chalcolithic Age (5100-3000 B.C). The results of this study showed no significant differences between the right and the left femora except that of the head vertical diameter (HVD). Only with the neck transverse diameter (NTD) did the collodiaphyseal angle (CDA) showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05). The correlations between the other different parameters showed variable degrees of significant associations (p < 0.05). Results from the femora of contemporary and Chalcolithic Age individuals showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in collo-diaphyseal angle (CDA), head vertical diameter (HVD), head transverse diameter (HTD), midshaft circumference (MSC), midshaft transverse diameter (MSTD) and distal breadth (DB) measurements. Contemporary individuals have retained longer femora. Results indicate that femoral anthropometric measuerments could show differences between various populations belonging to different ages.Öğe An anatomic study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in human fetuses(2016) Fazlıoğulları, Zeliha; Uysal, İsmihan İlknur; Doğan, Nadire Ünver; Karabulut, Ahmet Kağan; Ziylan, TanerObjectives:The aim of the study was to determine the anatomic course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) andits branches in relation to certain anatomic landmarks in human fetuses. Methods: This study was performed on 50 thighs from 25 spontaneously aborted fetuses with no detectable malformations. The LFCN position was evaluated according to its relation to the anterior superior iliac spine and its distance from thefemoral nerve and femoral artery were measured along the inguinal ligament (IL). The relationship between the LFCN andfemoral nerve in the pelvic cavity was also evaluated. Results: The branching pattern of the nerve was classified according to number and branching location of the main trunkas: Type I, a single trunk; Type II, two trunks, Type III;: three trunks, and Type IV: LFCN branching above or behind the IL.Sub-types of the LFCN were determined in accordance with the number of branches of the main trunk. Up to four branches of the LFCN were found; two branches originating from a single trunk was the most common type (54%). The most common site of the LFCN was observed nearly adjacent to the anterior superior iliac spine. In 11 lower limbs, the femoral nervewas accompanying with the LFCN on its course in pelvic cavity. Conclusion:The results of this study on the morphological features and variations of the LFCN in fetuses provide understanding of its variability for further studies in the regionÖğe An Assessment of Femur Growth Parameters in Human Fetuses and Their Relationship to Gestational Age(2003) Ziylan, Taner; Murshed, Khalıl AwadhFetal femur length assessment has been the subject of numerous investigations. Skeletal growth disturbances, estimation of fetal gestational age, developmental abnormality and detection of certain fetal congenital anomalies, and determination of population growth characteristics have been the objectives of different investigators' studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the crown-rump length (CRL) and fetal femur growth parameters and the gestational age during the second and third trimesters. Thirty dead normal immature and premature fetuses were selected from the fetal collection at the Anatomy Department of the Medical School. Sel?uk University. Depending on the fetal CRL and according to the Polin and Fox criteria, the fetal gestational age at the time of delivery was between 20 and 32 weeks. There were 15 male fetuses and 15 females. Each sex group included nine second-trimester and six third-trimester fetuses. A total of eight parametric variables were obtained from bilateral femora using a sliding caliper. Obtained data were statistically analyzed by Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. A significant relationship between the studied fetal growth parameters and the gestational age was found. From analysis of the data, it appears that fetal CRL and femur growth parameters are accurate for the calculation of gestational age.Öğe Brachial Plexus Variations in Human Fetuses(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003) Uysal, İsmihan İlknur; Şeker, Muzaffer; Karabulut, Ahmet Kağan; Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Ziylan, TanerOBJECTIVE: We examined the anatomic variations of the brachial plexus (BP) in human fetuses. METHODS: This study was performed with 200 BPs from spontaneously aborted fetuses without detectable malformations. The plexuses were dissected, and the normal position and/or morphological variations of the BP were determined and photographed. RESULTS: There were no variations in 93 plexuses, and 107 plexuses were observed to have different variations. Morphological variations were observed more frequently among female fetuses and right sides. The BPs were composed mostly of the C5, C6, C7, and C8 nerves and the T1 nerve. (71.5%). A prefixed plexus was observed in 25.5% of cases, and a postfixed plexus was observed in 2.5% of cases. In one case (0.5%), the C4 and T2 nerves joined the formation. The inferior trunk was not formed in 9% of cases. The superior trunk was not formed in 1% of cases. In one plexus, the superior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the C4 and C5 nerves. In one case, the inferior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the T1 and T2 nerves. Division variations were observed most frequently. There were also variations in the terminal branches, such as the roots of the median nerve joining in the distal part of the arm (8.5%), the axillary nerve being separate from the posterior division of the superior trunk (2.5%), and a connection existing between the median and musculocutaneous nerves (1%). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of BP variations is important for surgeons who perform surgical procedures in the cervical and axillary regions.Öğe Clinical Significance of Maxillary Artery and its Branches: A Cadaver Study and Review of the Literature(SOC CHILENA ANATOMIA, 2011) Uysal, Ismihan Ilknur; Buyukmumcu, Mustafa; Unver Dogan, Nadire; Seker, Muzaffer; Ziylan, TanerThe aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary artery (MA) and its branches. Fourteen sides of Turkish adult cadavers were dissected. The specimens were classified according to the relation between MA and the lateral pterygoid. After the removal of the lateral pterygoid, parts and branches of MA were exposed. We classified the branching patterns of MA in the pterygopalatine fossa. The calibers and lengths of the arteries, and the distance between the zygomatic arch and MA, and between the infratemporal crest and MA were measured. The MA was found superficial to the lateral pterygoid in 57.2%. The inferior alveolar artery (IA) was arisen from MA before the middle meningeal artery (MM) in 35.7%, after MM in 35.7%. The IA and MM were arisen from the same area of MA in 14.3 %. In other two cases IA was arisen from the beginning of MA (14.3%). According to the contours of third portion of MA, we classified "Y" type (50%), "intermediate-T" type (14.3%), and "M" type (35.7%). This reinvestigation of the clinical anatomy of MA may provide useful information to the head and neck surgeons, dentists, neurosurgeons and radiologists related with this region.Öğe Communications Between the Palmar Digital Branches of the Median and Ulnar Nerves: A Study in Human Fetuses and a Review of the Literature(Wıley, 2010) Ünver Doğan, Nadire; Uysal, İsmihan İlknur; Karabulut, Ahmet Kağan; Şeker, Muzaffer; Ziylan, TanerIn this study, median nerves (MNs) and ulnar nerves (UNs) were dissected in 200 palmar sides of hands (left and right) of 100 (50 male, 50 female) spontaneously aborted fetuses with no detectable malformations. The fetuses, whose gestational ages ranged from 13 to 40 weeks, were dissected under an operating microscope. The MN divided first into a lateral ramus and a medial ramus and then formed a common digital nerve. The first common digital nerve trifurcated in all of the studied cases. The branching patterns were classified into two types (Type 1 and Type 2) based on the relationship with the flexor retinaculum (behind/distal of it). A communication branch between the UNs and MNs in the palmar surface of the hand was found in 59 hands (29.5%). The proper palmar digital nerves were numbered from p1 to p10, starting from the radial half of the thumb to the ulnar half of the little finger, and these nerves exhibited six types of variations. The present data obtained from human fetuses will aid in elucidating the developmental anatomy of the nervous system and provide hand surgeons with a more complete anatomical picture to help them to avoid iatrogenic injuries.Öğe Developmental variations and clinical importance of the fetal thyroid gland - A morphometric study(SAUDI MED J, 2007) Cicekcibasi, Aynur E.; Salbacak, Ahmet; Seker, Muzaffer; Ziylan, Taner; Tuncer, Isik; Buyukmumcu, MustafaObjectives: To investigate the morphologic structures and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland in human fetuses. Methods: This study performed in the Department of Anatomy, Meram Faculty of Medicine between February and April in 2002. Fetuses were obtained from the Gynecology Department of the Meram Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, and Dr. Faruk Sukan Maternity Hospital (Konya, Turkey). Sixty spontaneously aborted fetuses (30 boys and 30 girls) between the ages of 13.5th and 32.5th weeks, which had no detectable anomalies, were evaluated. The gland was dissected under the microscope. The location of the gland was determined according to the tracheal ring levels and laryngeal cartilage levels. The length, width and thickness of both lobes and isthmus of the gland were measured and then, the developmental anomalies were Me obtained data were statistically analyzed by Least Squares noted. in variant analysis. Results: Although there was no significant difference regarding to the gender for all parameters except in width of the right lobe (P<0.05), difference in the length and width of lobes and the length of isthmus between trimesters was significant (P<0.05). All measured parameters were increasing with advancing gestational age. Tbe pyramidal lobe was observed in 18.3% of the cases. Conclusion: Normal dimensions and developmental anomalies of the fetal thyroid, which was shown in this study, may provide useful information for the prenatal diagnosis and in-utero treatment of thyroid dysfunctions.Öğe Does Malnutrition During the Lactation Period Affect the Growth of Bones and Teeth? - A Morphometric Study in Rats(2002) Ziylan, Taner; Murshid, K.A.; Çiçekçibaşı, Aynur EmineTo evaluate the effect of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) on the growth of the mandible and incisor teeth as well as to know if the malnutrition produces modifications in the time of the eruption of the teeth in malnourished rats during the lactation period, animals were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental pups fed by one mother's milk were doubled in their number to be twice to those of the control pups fed by one mother's milk (Park method). The animals were sacrificed at 20 and 40 days of age, and the body and total lengths of the mandible, and the transverse and antero-posterior diameters of the incisor teeth were measured. The time of the eruption of the mandibular incisor teeth in both groups was also assessed. Data were statistically compared by Student's t-test. Experimental animals at both ages showed a significant reduction in the growth of the mandible and the mandibular incisor tooth in all parameters. A delay in the time of the dental eruption in malnourished rats was also observed. The effect of PEM during the lactation period (newborn-20 days) not only appeared at the end of this period but it lasted up to the end of the postweaning period (21-40 days).Öğe Does Malnutrition During the Lactation Period Affect the Growth of Bones and Teeth? A Morphometric Study in Rats(2002) Ziylan, Taner; Murshıd, Khalil Awadh; Çiçekçibaşı, Aynur EmineTo evaluate the effect of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) on the growth of the mandible and incisor teeth as well as to know if the malnutrition produces modifications in the time of the eruption of the teeth in malnourished rats during the lactation period, animals were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental pups fed by one mother's milk were doubled in their number to be twice to those of the control pups fed by one mother's milk (Park method). The animals were sacrificed at 20 and 40 days of age, and the body and total lengths of the mandible, and the transverse and antero-posterior diameters of the incisor teeth were measured. The time of the eruption of the mandibular incisor teeth in both groups was also assessed. Data were statistically compared by Student's t-test. Experimental animals at both ages showed a significant reduction in the growth of the mandible and the mandibular incisor tooth in all parameters. A delay in the time of the dental eruption in malnourished rats was als o observed. The effect of PEM during the lactation period (newborn-20 days) not only appeared at the end of this period but it lasted up to the end of the postweaning period (21-40 days).Öğe Femoral Sulcus Angle Measurements: an Anatomical Study of Magnetic Resonance Images and Dry Bones(2004) Murshed, Khalil Awadh; Çiçekçibaşı, Aynur Emine; Ziylan, Taner; Karabacakoğlu, AydınThe sulcus angle of the femoral trochlea is particularly important for evaluating the patellofemoral joint. Our experimental study aimed to assess the osseous femoral sulcus angle radiologically in the right and left knees and osteologically in the right and left femurs in males and females. The osseous sulcus angle of 28 male right, 22 male left, 21 female right and 29 female left knees was measured on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and by a goniometer; the angle was measured in 40 right and 40 left femurs. In MRIs, the mean sulcus angle in males and in females was 134° ± SD 5.1° and 133.2° ± SD 6.7°, respectively. In the right and left knees it was 133.5° ± SD 5.2° and 134.5° ± SD 6.7° respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between right and left knees in MRIs. In dry bones, the mean sulcus angle in the right and left femurs was 142.2° ± SD 9.7° and 141.2° ± SD 7.9°, respectively, with no significant difference. Statistical comparisons between the mean sulcus angle in MRIs and in dry femurs showed highly significant differences (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that there are no differences in the femoral osseous angle between men and women or between the right and left sides. Differences in the techniques and methods of angle assessments could explain the differences in their values.Öğe Fetusta Böbrek Füzyon Anomalisi-L Tipi Böbrek: Olgu Sunumu(2001) Çiçekçibaşı, Aynur Emine; Ziylan, Taner; Murshid, Khalil AwadhAmaç: Urogenital sistemin konjenital anomalileri, diğer herhangi bir organ sistemdeki doğumsal anomalilere oranla çok daha sık görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, L tipi böbreğin lokalizasyonunun ve morfolojisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Olgu sunumu: Fetal böbrek çalışmaları sırasında, 24 haftalık dişi fetusta böbrek füzyon anomalisi olan L tipi böbrek tespit edildi. Sonuç: Böbreğin konjenital anomalilerinin ortaya konulmasının etyolojik, diagnostik ve terapötik açıdan önemli olacağı kanaatindeyiz.Öğe Fötuslarda Willis poligonu'na ait segmentlerin ölçülerinin araştırılması(1996) Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Ziylan, Taner; Salbacak, Ahmet; Erongun, Uğur; Karabulut, A. KağanCirculus Arteriosus Cerebri (Willis Poligonu) ilk kez 1664 yılında Thomas Willis tarafından tanımlanmıştır. Biyolojik fonksiyonu beyni iskemiden korumak olan bu poligonun yetişkindeki örneği, fötusta en erken II. ayda farkedilmektedir. Çalışmada ortalama yaşları 20 hafta olan fötusların Willis poligonlarındaki damarlarm strüktürel anomalileri ile kalınlık ve uzunluklarının tesbit edilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla poligonu oluşturan segmentler latex ile doldurularak, poligonların fotoğrafları çekildi. 19 segmental kalınlık ve sekiz segmentin uzunluk ölçüleri değerlendirildi. Poligonların tamamında arteriyel dolaşımın tam olduğu tesbit edildi. Willis poligonunu oluşturan tüm segmentlerin ortalama değerleri hesaplandı. Fötusların Willis poligonlarındaki segmentlerin en düşük ve en yüksek değerleri tesbit edildi.Öğe I?nsan Fötuslarında Damar Gelişimlerinin Mikrodiseksiyonla İncelenmesi(1999) Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Şeker, Muzaffer; Karabulut, A. Kağan; Ziylan, Taner; Uysal, İlknurAmaç: Bu çalışmada insan fötuslarının 2. ve 3. trimester süresince arcus aortae, Aorta thoracica, Aorta abdominalis ve dallarının gelişim ve morfolojisine yönelik normal morfometrik değerlerin elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Gelişim yaşı CRL aracılığı ile belirlenen 60 abort insan fötusunda 2. ve 3. trimester'de büyük damarların büyüme ve gelişimleri incelendi. Fötuslar % 10 formalin içinde korundu. Her bir vakada rutin diseksiyon kuralları uygulandı. Kalınlık ölçümlerinde damarların dış çap ölçümleri esas alındı. Kalp ve büyük damarların ince diseksiyonundan sonra damarların kalınlık ve uzunluk ölçümleri kumpas aracılığı ile belirlenerek sonuçlar yaş ve cinsiyete göre değerlendirildi. Bulgular: 2. trimesterde aorta bölümlerine ait kalınlık ve uzunluk değerleri yönünden her iki cinsiyet arasında farklılık tespit edilemezken 3. trimesterde tüm parametrelerde farklılık belirlendi (P0.05). Sonuç: İnsan fötusunda aorta gelişimine yönelik normal değerlerin ve bunların birbirlerine oranlarının farklı gestasyonal yaşlarda ortaya çıkabilecek değişiklikleri belirlenerek kongenital vasküler hastalıkların teşhisinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.Öğe İnsan fötuslarında Willis poligonuna ait varyasyonların araştırılması(1999) Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Karabulut, A. Kağan; Şeker, Muzaffer; Ziylan, Taner; Salbacak, Ahmet; Erongun, UğurÇalışmada ortalama yaşları 20 hafta olan abort fötusların Willis poligonlarındaki varyasyonlar, bulundukları segmentler ve sıklıklarının araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla her bir poligonu oluşturan segmentler kırmızı lateks ile doldurularak, poligonların fotoğrafları çekildi. Çalışılan fötusların sekiz tanesinde (% 26) normal Willis poligonu gözlenirken, 24'ünde ise (%74) asimetrik poligon belirlendi. Poligonların tamamında arterlerin tam olduğu gözlendi. Poligonlarda bulunan varyasyon çeşitleri ve oranları kaydedildi. Poligonlardaki konfigurasyon oranları belirlendi. Bu çalışmada fötuslardaki varyasyon oranlarının yetişkinler için bildirilenlerden daha az olduğu ve üçüncü A2 insidansının yetişkinlerdeki oranlarla uyum gösterdiği tesbit edildi.Öğe Laktasyon Dönemi Protein-Enerji Malnütrüsyonlu Ratlarda Mandibula ve Diş Gelişimi Üzerine Bir Morfometrik Çalışma(2002) Ziylan, Taner; Murshid, Khalil Awadh; Çiçekcibaşı, Aynur Emine; Büyükmumcu, MustafaAmaç: Bu çalışmada, protein-enerji malnütrüsyonunun (PEM) laktasyon dönemindeki (yenidoğan;20 günlük) ratlarda, mandibula ve mandibula'nın 3. molar dişlerinin gelişimine olan etkisi araştırıldı. Yöntem: Çalışmada 64 Wistar rat kullanıldı. Ratlar deneysel grup olarak iki alt (16x2), kontrol grubu olarak dört alt gruba (8x4) ayrıldı. Deneysel ve kontrol gruptaki her alt grup bir anne ile beslendi (Park metodu). Hayvanlar 20 ve 40 günlük olduğunda diseke edildi. Sağ mandibula, sol 3. molar dişlerden morfometrik ölçümler alındı. Bulgular: Deneysel gruptaki 20 ve 40 günlük hayvanların mandibula ve 3. molar diş morfolojisine yönelik değerleri kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı farklılık (P0.000) saptandı. Sonuç: Laktasyon dönemindeki PEM'nun etkisinin laktasyon sonrası (20-40 günlük) dönemde de devamlılığını gösterdiği gözlendi.Öğe The Levator Claviculae Muscle and Unilateral Third Head of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle: Case Report(SOC CHILENA ANATOMIA, 2010) Fazliogullari, Zeliha; Cicekcibasi, Aynur Emine; Unver Dogan, Nadire; Yilmaz, Mehmet Tugrul; Buyukmumcu, Mustafa; Ziylan, TanerA rare case of unilateral third head of sternocleidomastoid and an extra muscle levator claviculae were determined unilaterally in a 70-year-old male cadaver during the routine dissections. In the left neck side, it was observed that the sternocleidomastoid muscle also had a third part in addition to known sternal and clavicular heads and levator claviculae muscle which arose from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of the 3rd cervical vertebra and attached to the posterior margin of the clavicle. An awareness of this variations may be important because of its close relationship with neurovascular structures during neck operations.Öğe Occipital Kemiğin, Pars Squama'sındaki Protuberantia Occipitalis Externa'nın Varyasyonu(2000) Tuncer, Işık; Ziylan, Taner; Murshıd, Khalil AwadhAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı occiput'un altındaki oluşumların yerleşiminin bilinmesinde kolaylık sağlamaktır. Sunum: Bu olguda 60 yaş civarında bir erkek kafa tasında saptanan protuberantia occipitalis externanın varyasyonu sunulmaktadır. Ana bulgu: Protuberantia occipitalis externa 2 cm uzun olarak ölçüldü. Sonuç : Kafatası kemik varyasyonlarının incelenmesi ve bu varyasyonların ve birey hayatta iken göz önüne alınmasının fayda sağlayacağı kanısındayız.Öğe The Origin of Gonadal Arteries in Human Fetuses: Anatomical Variations(Urban & Fischer Verlag, 2002) Çiçekçibaşı, Aynur Emine ; Salbacak, Ahmet; Şeker, Muzaffer; Ziylan, Taner; Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Uysal, İsmihan İlknurTesticular arterial anatomy has been well studied because of its importance in testicular physiology, as well as testicular and renal surgery. In contrast to classical anatomical descriptions, it may originate from the suprarenal or lumbar arteries or a high-positioned origin, course behind the inferior vena cava or be doubled or arise from an inferior polar renal artery. Different developmental patterns as variations in relation to origin, course and number of the renal and gonadal arteries have been reported and discussed. This study was performed on 90 spontaneously aborted fetuses obtained from two different hospitals in Konya. The study was carried out on the testicular or ovarian arteries of fetuses fixed by immersion in 10% formalin. In all, 180 gonadal arteries were studied and 16 of them were found to have variations in their origin (8.8%). The variations of the gonadal artery origins could be classified into four types. The gonadal artery variations were more commonly found in male than the female fetuses and on the right side rather than the left. In the present study, it is clear that these variations are important not only from the developmental point of view or research interest, but they also may explain some pathological conditions. Knowledge of these variations may help to avoid the clinical complications especially during radiological examinations and/or surgical approaches in this region.Öğe Pes planus'un radyolojik yönden araştırılması(1995) Ziylan, Taner; Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Yıldırım, Feride; Şeker, Muzaffer; Açıkgözoğlu, Saim[Abstract not Available]
