Jeoloji Mühendisliği/Makale Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12395/39530

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 117

Montmorillonit Türü Kil Minerallerinde Nemin ve Sıcaklığın Dielektrik Durulma Süreçlerine Etkisi
(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2008) Durmuş, Haziret; Küçükçelebi̇, Hayrettin; Güleç, Atilla; Deryal, Abdullah; Karakaya, Necati; Zengi̇n, Selçuk
Bu araştırmada, nemin ve sıcaklığın dielektrik özelliklere etkisini incelemek amacıyla, mineral bileşeni bakımından farklı oranda montmorillonit içeren üç kil numunesi kullanılmıştır. Numunelerin ağırlıkça nem tutma kapasiteleri zamanın fonksiyonu olarak ölçülmüş ve artan montmorillonit miktarıyla bu kapasitelerin arttığı gözlenmiştir. Farklı nem durumları için 100Hz-13MHz frekans aralığında numunelerin dielektrik geçirgenliği incelenmiş ve kayıp tanjant grafiklerindeki maksimum kayba karşılık gelen frekansın artan nem ile yüksek frekanslara kaydığı tespit edilmiştir.Diğer taraftan aynı frekans bölgesinde ve 248K-323K sıcaklık aralığında numunelerin dielektrik davranışında etkili olan durulma süreçleri incelenmiş ve kayıp tanjant piklerinin artan sıcaklıkla yüksek frekanslara kaydığı belirlenmiştir. Farklı sıcaklık ve nem durumlarında, elde edilen deneysel dielektrik tepki değerlerine Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) bağıntısının fit edilmesi ile her numuneye ait parametre seti hesaplanmıştır. Bulunan bu parametrelerden numunelerin S1, S2 ve S3 aktivasyon enerjileri sırası ile 32,67 kJ/mol, 42,93 kJ/mol ve 41,13 kJ/mol olarak bulunmuştur.
Palynofacies analysis of Naokelekan formation, Northern Iraq
(ESTONIAN ACAD PUBLISHERS, 2019) Isamel, Jan.; Orhan, Hükmü.
Palynofacies analysis of 38 rock samples of the Late Oxfordian-Early Kimmeridgian Naokelekan Formation from two exploratory wells and two outcrops in northern Iraq was performed. All samples taken from outcrops in Duhok and Sulaymaniyah provinces and well Bj-1 in northern Iraq were classified as palynofacies Type I (PF-1), which comprises mainly amorphous organic matter (AOM). The samples were deposited in a distal suboxic-anoxic basin and their organic matter (OM) is considered as Type II kerogen. Samples from well Jk-1 were interpreted as palynofacies Type II (PF-2) having mixed AOM and phytoclasts. These samples were deposited in a distal dysoxic-anoxic shelf basin and their organic matter is classified as Type II kerogen.
Integrated Radiolaria, benthic foraminifera and conodont biochronology of the pelagic Permian blocks/tectonic slices and geochemistry of associated volcanic rocks from the Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: Implications for the Permian evolution of the northern Neotethys
(WILEY, 2019) Tekin, Ugur Kagan.; Okuyucu, Cengiz.; Sayit, Kaan.; Bedi, Yavuz.; Noble, Paula J.; Krystyn, Leopold.; Göncüoglu, Mehmet Cemal.
Blocks and tectonic slices within the Mersin Melange (southern Turkey), which are of Northern Neotethyan origin (Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean (IAE)), were studied in detail by using radiolarian, conodont, and foraminiferal assemblages on six different stratigraphic sections with well-preserved Permian succesions. The basal part of the Permian sequence, composed of alternating chert and mudstone with basic volcanics, is assigned to the late Asselian (Early Permian) based on radiolarians. The next basaltic interval in the sequence is dated as Kungurian. The highly alkaline basic volcanics in the sequence are extremely enriched, similar to kimberlitic/lamprophyric magmas generated at continental intraplate settings. Trace element systematics suggest that these lavas were generated in a continental margin involving a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source (SCLM). The middle part of the Permian sequences, dated by benthic foraminifera and conodont assemblages, includes detrital limestones with chert interlayers and neptunian dykes of middle Wordian to earliest Wuchiapingian age. Higher in the sequence, detrital limestones are overlain by alternating chert and mudstone with intermittent microbrecciated beds of early Wuchiapingian to middle Changhsingian (Late Permian) age based on the radiolarians. A large negative shift at the base of the Lopingian at the upper part of section is correlated to negative shifts at the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary associated with the end-Guadalupian mass extinction event. All these findings indicate that a continental rift system associated with a possible mantle plume existed during the late Early to Late Permian period. This event was responsible for the rupturing of the northern Gondwanan margin related to the opening of the IAE Ocean. When the deep basinal features of the Early Permian volcano-sedimentary sequence are considered, the proto IAE oceanic crust formed possibly before the end of the Permian. This, in turn, suggests that the opening of the IAE Ocean dates back to as early as the Permian.
Estimation of uniaxial compressive strength of pyroclastic rocks (Cappadocia, Turkey) by gene expression programming
(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2019) İnce, İsmail.; Bozdağ, Ali.; Fener, Mustafa.; Kahraman, Sair.
Compressive strength of rocks is an important factor in structural design in rock engineering. Compressive strength can be determined in the laboratory by means of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test, or it can be estimated indirectly by simple experiments such as point load strength (PLT) test and Schmidt hammer rebound test. Although the UCS test method is time-consuming and expensive, it is simple when compared to other methods. Therefore, many studies have been performed to estimate UCS values of rocks. Studies indicated that correlation coefficient of rock groups is low unless they are classified as metamorphic, sedimentary, or volcanic. Pyroclastic rocks are widely used as construction materials because of the fact that they crop out over extensive areas in the world. To estimate the UCS values of pyroclastic rocks in Central and Western Anatolia region, Turkey, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and gene expression programming (GEP) were employed and during the analysis, and PLT, rho(d), rho(s), and n were used as the independent variables. Based on the analysis results, it was detected that the GEP methods gave better results than MLR method. Additionally, the correlation coefficient (R-2) values of training and sets of validation of the GEP-I model are 0.8859 and 0.9325, respectively, and this model, thereby, is detected the best of generation individuals for prediction of the UCS.
Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of central anatolia region of Turkey
(NORTH UNIV BAIA MARE, 2019) Horasan, Bilgehan Yabgu.; Arik, Fetullah.
Konya is the largest city of Turkey and has been the capital of many civilizations. The current study intends to determine the geochemical characteristics and the distribution of trace elements of soils in an area of approximately 600 km(2) around Konya. Many different types of rocks and younger detricious units are exposed in Konya, formed from the Paleozoic period to the present day. Abandoned Sizma (Konya) mercury deposits and small-sized Pb-Zn-Au enrichments, as well as magnesite, Cr, Fe and Ni enrichments and associated ophiolitic rocks are found in the area. In addition, sites of household wastes, industrial sites, agricultural areas and major highways are in the area. Major components of soils include Al, Fe, Mg, Ca and S, which are 4.43%, 2.43%, 2.44%, 15.56% and 0.20%, respectively. Trace elements include As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, U, V and Zn, and are 22.31, 400.78, 0.21, 109.97, 20.79, 0.08, 130.68, 21.22, 1.96, 595.41, 2.20, 62.93 and 56.60 ppm respectively. The amounts of As, Cr and Ni in the soils exceed the maximum permissible levels with respect to Turkey, and a majority of other countries. Co, Mo, Pb, Sb and Sr are a health risk in some areas, and essential measures have to be taken to reduce pollution.
Gedabek (Batı Azerbaycan) Au-Cu yatağının jeolojik ve mineralojik özelliklerine dair ilk bulgular
(2018) İsmayıl, Coşqun; Arık, Fetullah; Özen, Yeşim
Önemli petrol ve doğal gaz yataklarına sahip olan Azerbaycan’da aynı zamanda ekonomik altın, demir, bakır veciva gibi pek çok metalik maden yatağı da yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Gence’nin (Batı Azerbaycan) 50 kmbatısındaki Şahdağ Sıradağları’nın kuzeybatı yamacında ve Gedebey’in kuzeybatısında bulunan en önemli altınbakır yataklarından biri olan Gedebey (Batı Azerbaycan) altın-bakır yatağının jeolojik ve mineralojik özelliklerininaraştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gedebey altın-bakır yatağı, Pakistan'dan, İran, Azerbaycan, Gürcistan ve Türkiye'yekadar uzanan, dünyanın önemli altın ve bakır provenslerinden biri olan Tetis Tektonik Kuşağı’nda bulunan vebakır işlemeciliğinin antik alanlarından biri olarak bilinen Küçük Kafkaslar bölgesinin Azerbaycan bölümünde yeralmaktadır. Başta Gedebey olmak üzere bölgede Alaverdi, Şamlık, Mishana, Zengezur ve Şenerdere bölgeleri gibisayısız antik bakır madenlerinde bakır cevherlerinin yeniden işleme faaliyetleri sürdürülmektedir. Bölgede değişikyaş ve bileşimli magmatik kayaçlar ve kırılmalarla karmaşıklaşmış Orta ve Üst Jura tortulları yer almaktadır.Gedebey maden yatağının çevresi, özellikle Şemkir antiklinalinin tektonik yapısı nedeniyle çok karmaşık olupbölgede gerçekleşen magmatik faaliyetler de Bajosiyen (Orta Jura), Batoniyen (Orta Jura) ve Geç Jura-ErkenKretase olmak üzere üç aşamada meydana gelmiştir. Azerbaycan’ın en büyük porfiri-epithermal cevherleşmesahasında bulunan Gedabek Au-Cu yatağı, Orta Jura yaşlı andezitik kayaçlar ile onları kesen Üst Jura-Alt Kretaseyaşlı granitoyid (granodiyorit-diyorit vs.) kontaktında buna bağlı gelişen quartz porphyry içerisinde meydanagelmiştir. Başlıca cevher minerallerini kalkopirit, sfalerit, kovellin, kalkozin, galenit, arsenopirit, galenit, bornit,kaolinit ve yaygın piritler oluşturmakta olup bunlarla birlikte barit, demir hidroksitler, nabit altın ve gümüş yaygınolarak görülmektedir.
Elektirik özdirenç yöntemiyle piroklastik kayaçların indeks-dayanım özelliklerinin belirlenmesi
(2018) İnce, İsmail
Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışmaya hız kazandıran ve çalışma maliyetini azaltan elektrik özdirenç yöntemiylepiroklastik kayaçların indeks ve dayanım değerlerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla 12 farklı piroklastik kayaçörneğinin indeks-dayanım ve elektrik özdirenç değerleri laboratuarda ölçülmüştür. Kayaçların elektrik özdirençdeğerleri ile uyumlu indeks-mekanik özellikleri arasında basit regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Kayaçların elektriközdirenç değerleri ile indeks-dayanım özellikleri arasında güçlü belirleme katsayıları bulunmuştur. Elde edilenbu ilişkilere göre, elektrik özdirenç yönteminin, düzgün şekilli numune alımının güç veya olanaksız olduğukayalarda ve/veya tarihi yapılarda kayaçların mühendislik özelliklerinin tahmininde tahribatsız bir yöntem olarakkullanılabilirliği ortaya konulmuştur.
Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of ancient ceramic sherds from dipsizin cave (Karaman, Turkey)
(2018) Hüseyinca, M. Yavuz; Doğanay, Osman
Raw materials of two ancient ceramic sherds (ceramic-1 and ceramic-2) from Dipsizincave were analyzed by SEM-EDS in order to characterize ceramic fabrics. Characterizationincludes separation of temper and clay paste sections, qualitative determination ofmineralogical compositions and percentage calculations of raw materials by region sketching.In this perspective, ceramic-1 is characterized as % 41.83 temper (quartz, albite, rutile,lime, organic material) and % 58.17 clay paste. Then, ceramic-2 is characterized to be %37.52 temper (quartz, anorthoclase, rutile, lime, organic material) and % 62.48 clay paste.Clay paste sections of both ceramics include mixture of clay minerals belonging to illiteand smectite clay groups. In comparison, percentages of temper and clay paste sections ofceramic-1 and ceramic-2 differ % 4.31 from each other and variety of raw materials makingup both ceramic bodies are nearly same except feldspars. But individually quartz and limepercentages between ceramics differ nearly two times. In this opinion we realize that rawmaterials are mixed by tracking two recipes. These recipes can be explained by differentpottery making technologies and/or different archaeological provenances.
Some geological features of limestone aggregates produced from central anatolian carbonate formations
(2018) Kansun, Gürsel; Zedef, Veysel; Koçak, Kerim
F or the last fifteen years, there has been extensive motorway and railway constructions in Turkey. This requires enormous amount of road-fillers and aggregates, and the construction companies open many open-pit limestone quarries to fulfill their aggregate needs. The partly double (four lines), partly one-way (double line) motorway of KonyaHüyük have recently been enlarged and partly re-constructed. During this construction, a total of five limestone quarry were opened to produce limestone aggregate. The Bozlutepe Limestone member of Asmalıtepe Formation near the town of Selki (HüyükKonya, central Anatolia) were used for this demand, and it has been operated for the last 6 years. The limestone member is approximately 200 m thick at most and mostly made of three type of minerals and these are dolomitic limestone, crystalline limestone and quartz-bearing crystallized limestones. All the minerals are crystallized and the minerals locally dominate at the quarry. The produced aggregates have relatively flat granulometry curve indicating most of the grains are of thin and have clay-silt sized particles. Our studies revealed that Bozlutepe Limestones are formed in carbonate facies in shallow marine environments during Permian-Carboniferous times. The member most likely have low-grade metamorphism during Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras
Çamardı (Niğde) yöresinde Niğde masifinin yapısal özellikleri
(2017) Demircioğlu, Ramazan; Eren, Yaşar
Çamardı (Niğde) yöresinde, Niğde Masifi mermer, gnays, kuvarsit ve amfibolitlerden oluşmuştur. Masife ait bu kayaçlarKretase yaşlı granodiyoritler tarafından kesilmiştir. Paleosen-Eosen düşük dereceli başkalaşım kayaçları masifin otoktonörtüsünü oluşturur. Bu birimler, Üst Kretase-Paleosen yaşlı flişoyid ve ada yayı özelliğindeki kayaçlar tarafından tektonik olarak üstlenir. Yörenin en genç birimlerini ise Oligosen-Kuvaterner yaşlı karasal ve volkanik kayaçlar oluşturur.Niğde masifi metamorfitleri en az dört evreli (D1, D2, D3ve D4) sünek deformasyona ve kıvrımlanmaya uğramıştır.D1 evre deformasyonla, masifin kayaçları yatık-izoklinal olarak kıvrımlanmış (F1-F2 evre kıvrımlanma) ve eksen düzlemlerine paralel foliasyonlu (S1) bir yapı kazanmıştır. Kayaçların tabaka (So) düzlemlerinin izoklinal ve şiddetli kıvrımlanması nedeniyle tabaka transpozisyonu gelişmiş ve yalınmış kıvrım yapıları oluşmuştur. D2 evre deformasyonla,harita ölçeğinde kuzeydoğu-güneybatı yönelimli ve hem kuzeydoğuya, hem de güneybatıya dalımlı kıvrımlar (F3 evrekıvrımlanma) gelişmiştir. F1-F2 ve F3 evre kıvrımların girişimi sonucu yörede Tip-2 türü (mantar kıvrımı) kıvrımlanmış kıvrımlar oluşmuştur. İkinci evre mesoskopik kıvrımlar sıkışık-izoklinal geometrili olup, asimetrik ve eğik kıvrımözelliği sunarlar. İnceleme alanında D3 evre kıvrımlanma sonucu bölgede büyük bir dom yapısı gelişmiştir. D4 evrekıvrımlar ise harita ölçeğinde D2 evreye yaklaşık dik yönelimli ve kuzeybatı-güneydoğu gidişli ve güneydoğuya dalımlısinform ve antiform yapıları oluşturmuştur. D4 evre deformasyonla temel ve örtü kayaçları ile birlikte deforme olmuştur (F5-evre). Mikroskopik analizler, Kretase-Eosen yaşlı kayaçların, bu evre deformasyonla düşük dereceli yeşilşistfasiyesinde başkalaşıma uğradığını göstermektedir F5 evre kıvrımların geometrisi, temel ve örtü kayaçlarının berabercedeforme olduğu yörelere özgü kıvrım şeklini (kasp–lob yapısı) yansıtmaktadır.
Three new records to the bryophyte flora of Turkey
(2013) Kırmacı, Mesut; Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Karakaya, Necati; Kürschner, Harald
Rhabdoweisia crispata (Dicks. ex With.) Lindb., Tortula guepinii (Bruch. & Schimp.) Broth. ve Tortella bambergeri (Schimp.) Broth. Türkiye’ den ilk kez kayıt edilmiştir. Ayrıca T. bambergeri Güneybatı Asya için de yeni kayıttır. Yeni kayıtların çizimleri, taksonomik, ekolojik ve dağılımlarıyla birlikte sunulmuştur.
Petrographic and Geochemicial Characteristics of the Kızılören Formation (Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic) in the Akpınar (Konya, Turkey) Area
(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2012) Özkan, Ali Mujdat; Elmas, Ayşe
This paper describes the occurrence of dolomite and the mechanism of dolomitization of the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Kiziloren Formation in the autochthonous Bolkardagi unit of the middle Taurus Mountains in south western Turkey. Dolomites were analyzed for geochemical, isotopic and crystallographic variation. Dolomites occur as a replacement of precursor carbonate and cement. The dolomite crystals range from <10 to similar to 1000 mu m existing as both replacements and cements. Sr concentrations range between 84 and 156 ppm, and the molar Sr/Ca ratios of dolomitizing fluids are estimated to range between 0.0066 to 0.013 ratios. Dolomites are Ca-rich (with average CaCO3 and MgCO3 equal to 56.43 and 43.57 mol%, respectively) and they are non-stoichiometric, with an average Sr=116 ppm, Na=286 ppm, Mn=81 ppm, Fe=1329 ppm, and d18O and d13C ranges from -0.6 parts per thousand to -6.1 parts per thousand Pee Dee Belemnite [PDB], and +1.2 to +3.9 parts per thousand PDB. The North American Shale Composition [NASC]-normalized rare earth element (REE) values of the both limestone and dolomite sample groups show very similar REE patterns characterized by small positive Eu (mean=1.32 and mean=1.42, respectively) and slightly or considerably negative Ce (mean=0.61 and mean=0.72, respectively) anomalies and a clear depletion in all REE species. The Kiziloren Formation dolomites have been formed as early diagenetic from mixing zone fluids at the tidal-subtidal environment and at the late diagenetic from basinal brines at the shallow-deep burial depths.
Mineralogy and geochemical behavior of trace elements of hydrothermal alteration types in the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, NE Turkey
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Karakaya, Necati; Küpeli, Şuayip; Yavuz, Fuat
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey, are hosted by the Maastrichtian-Eocene dacite and rhyodacite series, accompanied by lesser andesite and basalts, as well as their pyroclastic equivalents, with tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity. The ore mineral assemblages are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcocite, covellite, bornite, and tetrahedrite. Potassic-, phyllitic- (sericitic), argillic- (kaolinitic and smectitic), silicic-, propylitic- and hematitic-alteration is commonly associated with these deposits. HFSE, LILE, TRTE and REE contents show strong variability in different alteration types resulting from interaction with acid or alkaline fluids. Sample groups showed chondrite-normalized enrichment of LREE relative to HREE and sub-parallel trends, except for the hematitic- and phyllitic-alteration types. MREE are strongly depleted in the zones of most intense silicification and kaolinization. Most sample groups have strongly- to slightly-negative Eu anomalies, ranging from 0.35 to 0.88 (mean); hematitic- (1.45) and propylitic-altered rocks (1.11) have slightly- to moderately-positive anomalies. The negative Eu anomalies indicate the low temperatures of fluids (<200 degrees C). In contrast, the positive Eu anomalies result from high-temperature hydrothermal conditions (>200 degrees C). No Ce anomaly was observed, except for phyllitic alteration where a slight positive anomaly was noted. The chondrite-normalized trace and REE patterns of the altered rocks are similar to each other, suggesting that they were derived from a common felsic source. The alteration groups formed from acid, intermediate, and alkaline hydrothermal solutions. Some transition, base and precious metals and volatile elements were clearly enriched, especially in the hematitic-, silicic-, kaolinitic- and phyllitic-altered samples. The other elements exhibit different behaviors in different sample groups. REE behavior is relatively immobile in the silicic-, hematitic-, kaolinitic- and partially in moderately- and propylitic-altered rocks, based on mass-balance calculations. LILE and HFSE appear mobile in the altered sample groups, except in the propylitic-altered rocks. TRTE behave as relatively immobile in most of samples, except in some of the silicic- and phyllitic-altered rocks, and especially in the hematitic-altered samples. HFSE, most of the transition (W, Mo, Cu, and Sb) and some other trace elements (Pb, As, Hg, Bi, Se and TI), are enriched in the hematitic-altered samples and in the some silicic-altered samples. The highest As, Bi, Mo, Se and Hg concentrations in the hematite-altered samples can be used to distinguish other alteration types and may be a useful indicator in a prospect-scale base metal exploration. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of Orthoclase Phenocrysts on Point Load Strength of Granitic Rocks
(Elsevier, 2012) Fener, M.; Ince, I.
The point load index test involves loading cylindrical, block or irregular rock samples between two conical platens until sample failure. The point load strength index (I-s) determined using failure load and sample dimension is widely and variously used in engineering geological studies. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge about the factors that could influence the index value is necessary. This paper explores the effects of orthoclase phenocryst dimension on the point load strength index (I-s) of granitic materials from Turkey. In this context, point load strength values of 117 granite core samples were determined. The granites used in this study included orthoclase phenocrysts as important mineral constituents. High-resolution image was obtained from the freshly fractured surface of each sample. The ratio of orthoclase phenocrysts (ROP) on the failure surface was determined using image analysis. When point load strength values were correlated with the ratios of orthoclase phenocrysts, an inverse relationship emerged. Issues in order to minimize the influence of orthoclase phenocrysts on the point load strength were discussed.
Genetic Characteristics of the Gozecukuru As-Sb Deposits Near Kutahya, Turkey
(SPRINGER INDIA, 2012) Arik, Fetullah
Goze double dagger ukuru As-Sb-Pb-Zn mine is located 1.2 km NW of Sahin village and 22 km west of Kutahya in NW Turkey. The aim of this study is to explain the genetic characteristics of the As-Sb deposits by using multivariate statistical analysis methods. Low-grade metamorphic rocks of the upper Paleozoic Sahin Formation occur as the basement of the study area. Cenozoic volcano-sedimentary units (Tavsanli volcanites and Emet Formation) overlie the Sahin Formation unconformably. The mineralization occurs mainly as veins and partly as disseminations and fillings of interstices in the rhyodacitic and rhyolitic tuffs of Tavsanli Volcanics. Common primary ore minerals are stibnite, realgar, galena, sphalerite, pyrite and arsenopyrite, and secondary minerals are orpiment, senarmontite and valentinite. Barite is the dominant gangue mineral, with a small amount of quartz, calcite and dolomite. Average As, Sb, Pb, Zn and Ba concentrations in the samples from the study area are 6.04%, 4938 ppm, 4589 ppm, 1.17% and 10.36 % respectively. Three significant groups appear in the cluster analysis of ore samples. First group consists of Pb-Ag and Zn-Cd. The second group consists of Sb-Tl-Hg and As. The last group is the Ba-Sr. There are three significant factors in the factor analysis. First factor reflects the formation of primary sulphide minerals, the second factor represents the formation of low temperature sulphide and sulphosalt minerals and the last factor depicts interstices-filling mineralization. Average homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusion in barites is 221 A degrees C. Geological, petrographical and geochemical data suggest that the Goze double dagger ukuru As-Sb deposit was formed under epithermal conditions.
Some Properties of Thermal Muds of Some Spas in Turkey
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2010) Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Karakaya, Necati; Sarıoğlan, Şerife; Koral, Murat
In Turkey, over thirty spa centers use local, naturally occurring thermal muds for therapeutic, aesthetic, and pharmaceutical purposes. Mineralogical, chemical, and technological properties of thermal muds from nine different spas were investigated to identify the most suitable materials for pelotherapy. The muds consisted of smectite, illite, illite-smectite, quartz, feldspar, some calcite, amorphous silica, and rarely halite. The Na(2)O/CaO ratio of the muds was lower than 0.09, representing non-swelling bentonites. Some mud samples contained higher levels of hazardous chemical elements, including As, Cd, Hg, Pb, TI, Th and U, and some less dangerous elements, including Co, Cr, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zr, and REE, compared to argillaceous sediments and shales. In general, particle sizes of muds larger than 2 mu m, and cation-exchange capacity and specific surface areas are lower than the standard value. Properties of a few thermo-mineral waters were also analyzed. The low swelling index, Na(2)O/CaO ratio, plasticity, and specific surface area (due to the low content of the <2 mu m clay fraction), as well as the high content of non-clay minerals and exchange capacity of the muds, make them unsuitable for therapeutic and aesthetic applications. These results indicate that there is a need to develop suitable standards for thermal muds in relation to their use for therapeutic, pharmaceutical, and aesthetic medicine purposes. Appropriate materials can be obtained from the bentonite deposits at very low cost, and the material can be maturated using thermal-mineral water in different compositions for different types of applications.
Some Geological and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Geothermal Fields of Turkey
(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2010) Söğüt, Ali Rıza; Güzel, Ahmet; Zedef, Veysel; Bayram, Ali Ferhat
Presently, active hydrothermal areas of Turkey can be divided into three major provinces which correlate particular volcano-tectonic features. These fields are essentially found at western, central and eastern part of the country. There has been no particular geothermal energy fields in the southern part of Turkey since this region is mostly covered by similar to 2 km thick carbonate sequences and has suffered little recent rifting. The western Turkish geothermal provinces, where horst and graben systems are well developed, have the hottest fluids among others. In this region, normal faults penetrate into the crust and thus the meteoric waters are heated to greater temperatures than in the east where a compressional tectonic regime dominates. In the western Turkish geothermal fields, the fluids have a distinctly higher pH (>7) values than those in the east. This resulted that the Si content of the western Turkish hydrothermal fluids is considerably higher than the others. The geothermal field at Tuzla, situated on the Aegean shore in NW Turkey, has ionic component twice that of conventional seawater. Because of this, the area provides a good opportunity to investigate the interactions between seawater and hot dry rock.
Mineralogical and Petrological Characteristics of the Neoproterozoic Orthoamphibolite and Orthogneisses in the Mutki Area, the Bitlis Massif, Southeast Turkey
(WILEY, 2010) Koçak, Kerim; Ceran, F. Mehmet
The rocks form as amphibolite +/- garnet +/- epidote and orthogneisses in the Pan-African basement of the Bitlis Massif. The petrochemical data of the studied metamorphic rocks suggest different igneous protoliths ranging from calcalkaline basalt to andesite in composition. Petrochemically, the rocks can be classified as group 1 (low Zr and La) and group 2 (high Zr and La), all showing various enrichments in large ion lithophiles and light rare earth elements, and a depletion in high-field strength elements, suggestive of a destructive plate margin setting. The protoliths of the all samples might have formed mostly by the partial melting of an enriched source, possibly coupled with the fractional crystallization of plagioclase, apatite, and titaniferous magnetite +/- olivine +/- clinopyroxene +/- amphibole in relation with subduction-related magmatism neighboring the Andean-type active margins of Gondwana. The group 2 samples could, however, be generated by a relatively lower degree of the partial melting of an inhomogeneous source with a preponderance of a high-level, fractional crystallization process in comparison to group 1. The protoliths of the samples were metamorphosed up to amphibolite facies conditions, which destroys original igneous texture and mineral assemblages. Geothermobarometric calculations show that the metamorphic rocks are finally equilibrated between 540 and 610 degrees C and similar to 5 kbars, following a clockwise P-T-t path.
Heavy Metal Determination and Pollution of the Soil and Plants of Southeast Tavşanlı (Kütahya, Turkey)
(WILEY, 2010) Arık, Fetullah; Yaldız, Tahsin
The investigation area is located to the east of Kutahya-Tavsanli and covers an area about 150 km(2) The units cropping out in the study area comprise of metamorphic volcanic and sedimentary rocks ranging from Upper Paleozoic to Quaternary There are some polymetallic ore deposits represented by silver zinc lead and antimony deposits and some enrichments related to them such as As Cd 11 Cu Mn Ba and Sr around the Aktepe at the southeast of the study area In order to investigate the heavy metal contents and contamination in soil and plants some leaves branches and fruits of trees (Salix oak Quercus sp pine Anus sp apple Malus communts walnut Juglans regia poplar Populus sp plane Platanus orientalis pear Pyrus communis oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia) and some herbaceous plants like prickle and meadow samples have been collected and subjected to geochemical analysis Mean element concentrations of soil samples are 0 7 ppm Ag 82 6 ppm Pb 165 3 ppm Zn and 8 5 ppm Sb The concentration of As Cd Tl Cu Mn Ba and Sr are 203 3 1 5 1 7 326 1059 5 718 4 and 289 6 ppm respectively With respect to plants the average heavy metal concentrations are 0 14 ppm Ag 2 49 ppm Pb 52 34 ppm Zn and 1 05 ppm Sb and the average concen tration of As Cd 11 Cu Mn Ba and Sr are 441 064 0 19 654 119 80 39 46 versus 41 21 ppm respectively Element distributions of soil and plants depend on to the distance from the present Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb deposits Element concentrations of plants differ depending on not only plant type like tree and herbaceous plants but also the types of samples such as leaves branches or fruits of trees Especially leaves of trees and herbaceous plants have relatively higher element concentrations Therefore people who and animals which live in this area and benefit from these soil and plants have vital risks.
Geology of the Yanıklar-Çiftlik-Karagedik (Fethiye- Muğla,Turkey) Area and Mineralogical, Petrographical and Geochemical Characteristics of Chromite Occurrence
(2009) Karadağ, M. M.; Karagöz, M.; Öztürk, A.
The study area is located at the southwest end of Taurid Orogenic belt, around Yaniklar-Çiftlik-Karagedik (Fethiye-Mu?la) and covers approximately an area of 77 km2. In the study area magmatic and sedimentary rocks formed in Mesozoic-Senozoic period crop out. Eventhough the Upper Triassic-Low Jurassic Kayaköy formation represented by dolomite, cherty dolomite and dolomitic limestone occurs at the basement of the study area. This unit lies tectonically on the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Babadag formation comprising micritic limestone with chert nodules. The Upper-Cretaceous Çövenliyayla formation composed of spilitic basalt thrusted on the Babada? formation. The Upper-Cretaceous Marmaris peridotite rest on the Çemenliyayla formation with a tectonic contact. It comprises serpentinized harzburgite, dunite, serpentine and pyroxenite and dolerite dykes cutting above mentioned rock units. All these units were unconformably covered by dirty yellow, yellow and grayish conglomerate, claystone and sandstone of the Pliocene Çameli formation, Quaternary alluvium, block sized talus and beach deposits. Multidirectional fracture and joint systems resulted from thrust tectonic of the Alpine orogene. But it is difficult to determine a dominant stress direction. The present morphology has been gain as a result of folding developed by tectonic movement of the Alpin orogenez and the litologies acting differently againts erosional processes. Serpentinization occurred in basic and ultrabasic rocks, at the contact between dyke and host rocks, at fault zone and also especially along fractures and joints within peridotite mass. The Fethiye chromite deposits were found in the tectonit harzburgite within the Marmaris peridotite. They are massive, disseminated, nodular and banded in type, and are classified as "aluminium chromite" based on their composition In the light of field observation and obtained data. It is concluded that the chromites in the study area were originated from a magma which is poorer in silica and aluminum than those of a typical basaltic magma in which the pediform chromite is formed. With regard to the trace element content, the Ni and Zn contents of the Fethiye chromite are very close to these in other pediform type chromite. But they are rich in Ni and poor in Zn compared with the stratiform chromite deposits.

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