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Öğe Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in Cows With Left Displaced Abomasum(Indian Veterinary Journal, 2003) Oğurtan, Zeki; Ok, Mahmut ; İzci, Celal; Ceylan, C.[Abstract not Available]Öğe Ağır çekim (Araba) atlarının alt ekstremite ve ayak bölgesi kemik lezyonlarının klinik ve radyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi(2018) İzci, Celal; Erol, Muharrem; Gökşahin, EbruAtlarda kemik lezyonlarının belirlenmesinde radyografi sık kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemlerinden birisidir. Çalışmada,halk elinde bulunan ve çeşitli nitelikteki yük taşıma ve ulaşım işlerinde kullanılan atlardaki alt ekstremite ve ayakbölgesi kemik lezyonlarının taranarak elde edilen sonuçların literatür veriler ışığında tartışılması amaçlandı. Çalışmatoplam 30 adet araba atında yapıldı. Anamnez sorgulaması ve klinik muayenesi tamamlanan atların; ön ve arka, sağve sol alt ekstremite ve ayaklarının çeşitli pozisyonlarda radyografik çekimleri yapıldı. Her bir at için elde edilen radyografikgörüntüler ayrı ayrı incelendi. Belirlenen lezyonlar yerine ve niteliğine göre tasnif edilip, tanımlayıcı istatistik yapılarakdeğerlendirildi. Radyolojik olarak incelenen atların %80’inde değişik nitelikte lezyonlar saptanırken, %20’sinde herhangibir lezyon ile karşılaşılmadı. Atların %66.7’sinde osteoarthritis, %70.8’inde süro, %50’inde sesamoiditis, %54.1’inde periosteal kemik formasyonu tespit edildi. Lezyonların ön ve arka bacaklardaki dağılımı sırası ile %12.5 ile %8.3 iken, atların %79.2’ünde hem ön hem de arka bacaklarda lezyon tespit edildi. Belirlenen lezyonların hemen hepsininkronik nitelikli olduğu söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak, bu tip ağır işlerde kullanılan atların refah problemlerinin ortadankaldırılması gerektiği anlaşılmıştır.Öğe Bi?r Köpekte Karşılaşılan Schiff - Sherrington Sendromu(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1994) İzci, Celal; Avki, SırrıIn this case, Schiff-Shemngton syndrome which was seen in a female dog was described. Clinical, neurological and radiographic findings which is related to the case was discussed. The lesion was in the 12 th thoracal vertebrae, and the absence of pain perception caudal to the spinallesion was important for prognosis. This case was conservacively treaced, but responded negatively and che elinical diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy.Öğe Boynuz ve canlı tırnak lezyonu (BCTL) bulunan süt sığırlarında ökçe yastığının ultrasonografik olarak değerlendirilmesi(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2018) İzci, Celal; Erol, Muharrem; Gökşahin, EbruAmaç: Bu çalışmada boynuz ve canlı tırnak lezyonu (BCTL) bulunan süt sığırlarında ökçe yastıklarının ultrasonografik olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, aynı beslenme ve barınak şartlarında bulunan ve ayak(ların) da BCTL'ye bağlı topallık bulunan, Holstein ırkı süt sığırlarına ait kadavra ayaklar kullanıldı. Toplam 30 adet süt sığırına ait 120 adet kadavra ayak (240 adet tırnak) çalışma materyalini oluşturdu. Kadavra ayaklar her bir grupta 6 adetsüt sığırına ait olmak üzere 5 gruba ayrıldı. Kadavra ayakların klinik muayenesinden sonra her bir tırnakta fonksiyonel tırnak kesimi yapıldı. Kadavra tırnaklarda fonksiyonel tırnak kesiminden sonra 7.5 MHz konveks prob ile ultrasonografik olarak ökçe yastığı ve taban kalınlıkları ölçülerek kaydedildi. Elde edilen sonuçlar istatistiki olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Ökçe yastığı kalınlıkları değerlendirildiğinde, gruplar arası farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemli olmadığı (P>0.05) tespit edildi. Taban kalınlıkları arasındaki gruplar arası farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemli (P<0.001) olduğu saptandı. Öneri: Ökçe yastığının kalınlığının azalması BCTL gelişimine yol açabilir. Bu nedenle ökçe yastığının biyomekaniksel özelliklerini besleme veya genetik seleksiyon yolu ile güçlendirmek veya vücut kondisyon skorunu (VKS) kontrol ederek ökçe yastığının tırnak içerisinde oluşan travma ve kontüzyonları absorbe etme kapasitesini artırarak, BCTL’nin oluşumu önlenebilir.Öğe Clinical and light microscopic studies of the conjunctival tissues of dogs with bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca before and after treatment with topical 2% cyclosporine(INFORMA HEALTHCARE, 2015) İzci, Celal; Çelik, İlhami; Alkan, Feyzanur; Erol, Muharrem; Sur, EmrahWe determined the concentrations of goblet and immune cells in conjunctival imprints and tissues of canines with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) before and after cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. Twelve dogs with bilateral KCS were assigned to three groups: untreated, treatment group 1, and treatment group 2. The treatment groups were treated topically with 2% ophthalmic CsA solution for 45 days; CsA treatment group 2 was followed for an additional 30 days after discontinuation of the drug. Schirmer tear test (STT) scores were recorded prior to CsA treatment and on alternate days throughout the experiment. CsA treatment improved the STT scores, restored conjunctival histology, increased goblet and epithelial cell numbers, and decreased numbers of inflammatory cells. Although the STT scores regressed slightly at day 30 after discontinuing the treatment, the scores were higher than the baseline values. Topical CsA treatment resolved clinical signs of KCS, improved STT scores and restored normal conjunctival histology.Öğe Değişik yoğunluktaki pulzatif ultrason tedavisinin kırık iyileşmesi üzerine etkisinin fiziksel, radyolojik ve mikroskobik olarak değerlendirilmesi(1997) İzci, Celal; Akvi, Sırrı; Alkan, Fahrettin; Çelik, İlhami; Sur, E.Çalışma, terapötik ultrasonun kırık iyileşmesi üzerine etkisini, fiziksel, radyolojik ve mikroskobik olarak belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırma toplam 48 adet sağlıklı tavşan üzerinde dört grup halinde gerçekleştirildi. Tüm hayvanlara bilateral fibular osteotomi yapıldı. Operasyondan sonraki günden başlamak üzere, hayvanların sol fibulaları üzerine, gruplara göre sıra ile 02, 0.5, 1 ve 1.5 Watt/cm2 yoğunluğunda pulzatif ultrason uygulandı. Uygulama, 10 gün boyunca günde 10 dakikalık seanslar halinde yapıldı. Kontrol grubu olarak kullanılan sağ fibulalar üzerine ise aynı sürelerde ultrason cihazı çalıştırılmaksızın sadece prob friksiyonu uygulandı. Araştırmanın 0.7,15,21 ve30. günlerinde sağ ve sol fibulaların radyografisi alındı. Bir ay sonunda tavşanlara ötenazi yapılarak sağ ve sol fibulaları alındı. Her gruptaki ikişer çift fibula'nın histolojik muayenesi yapıldı. Diğer numunelerde kallus büyüklükler, medio-lateral ve aaterio-posterior eksenlerden, kompas ile ölçüldü. Aynı numunelerde basma ve çekme deneyleri yapılarak kallus mukavemeti değerlendirildi.Öğe Effect of Experimental Therapeutic Ultrasound on the Distal Antebrachial Growth Plates in One-Month-Old Rabbits(Bailliere Tindall, 2002) Oğurtan, Zeki; Çelik, İlhami; İzci, Celal; Boydak, Murat; Alkan, Fahrettin; Yılmaz, KoçThe effect of therapeutic ultrasound (US) on the growth plates of growing bone was determined through fluorescence labelling and histopathological evaluation in one-month-old rabbits. Mean growth rates and mean heights of the growth plates of the US exposed radius vs. control radius, and US exposed ulna vs. control ulna showed no statistically significant differences at all intensities and time intervals. Mean growth rates and heights of the growth plates of the US exposed radius for 0.2 W/cm(2) (SATA) US vs. 0.5 W/cm(2) US showed the same type of pattern compared to those of the control radius for 0.2 W/cm(2) vs. 0.5 W/cm(2) at days 10, 15 and 20. Similar results were also found for the ulna. Effects of 0.5 W/cm(2) US on the mean growth rates and mean heights of the growth plates were superior to those of 0.2 W/cm(2) US at day 10. The results at day 10 were reversed for the same comparisons at days 15 and 20. No cavitation effect of US was observed on growth plate cells. There was no evidence of partial or complete premature closure of the growth plates or of angular deformity of the carpal region.Öğe Effect of Xylazine-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine Anesthesia on Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Prothrombin Time and Bleeding Time in Dogs(Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, 2002) Oğurtan, Zeki; Ceylan, C.; İpek, H.; İzci, CelalThe effects of xylazine ketamine and diazepam-ketamine on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and buccal mucosa bleeding time (BMBT) were evaluated in dogs. Altered APTT, PT and BMBT values were found in xylazine-ketamine and diazepam ketamine anesthesia. Comparison of xylazine-ketamine to diazepam ketamine revealed a significant increase for APTT, PT at 30, 60 and 90 minutes and for BMBT at 30 and 60 minutes.Öğe Effects of Hyperosmolar Ionic and Low Osmolar Non-ionic Contrast Media on Coagulation Times and Some Blood Parameters in Dogs: an in Vivo Study(Wiley, 2003) İzci, Celal; Oğurtan, Zeki; Ceylan, C.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of hyper-osmolar ionic contrast media (CM) (diatzioate) and low osmolar non-ionic CM (iohexol and ioxilan) on coagulation time and some blood parameters in dogs in vivo. The animals were divided into three groups in equal numbers. The dogs in groups 1, 11 and III received diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxilan at the dose of 700 mgI/kg intravenously (IV) as a bolus, respectively. Administration of contrast media and blood samples were collected from vena cephalica antebrachii prior to CM administration and thereafter at 3, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min and 24 h to measure the coagulation factors [activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothorombin time (PT), fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products] and some other blood parameters [red blood cells, platelet, white blood cells, haematocrit (Ht) and haemoglobin (Hb)]. While a statistically significant decrease was observed on APTT at 15 min in group III, no significant differences were found in groups I and II. All the groups had insignificant alterations for PT, fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation product, following CM administration. Significant decreases were observed for platelet at 3 min in all groups. This decrease was also significant at 15- and 30- min intervals in group I. There were significant decreases for erythrocytes, Ht and Hb measurements within 30 min, and no significant alterations were observed for leucocytes within 60 min in all groups compared with baseline values. No differences were observed with regard to coagulation times and some blood parameters as far as long-lasting and major effects of each CM are concerned.Öğe Evaluation of the Repair of Full-thickness Articular Cartilage Defects Filled With Autologous Exogenous Fibrin Clot: an Experimental Study in the Shoulder Joint of Dogs(De Gruyter Poland Sp Zoo, 2003) Avkı, S.; İzci, CelalTo determine whether the optimizing effect of an exogenous fibrin clot in the repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects is valid when joint motions are restricted, standard osteochondral defects were constituted in the articular surface of the humeral head in 16 adult dogs. The defects in 8 dogs were packed with fibrin clots that had been prepared exogenously from each animal and the defects of the other animals were left empty The operated limbs were inactivated for 2 weeks postoperatively and the healing response was then examined using routine histology at 2, 4, 8 and 12-week intervals. Although the clot-filled and control (empty) defects initially healed through proliferation of fibrous connective tissue; the clot-filled defects finally modulated into fibrocartilage with completed subchondral bone formation. The clot-filled defects demonstrated a more advanced reparative tissue which was congruent with the intact articular surface from 4 weeks after the intervention.Öğe Evaluation of the schirmer tear test in clinically normal Turkish hunting dogs (Turkish greyhound)(UNIV GHENT, 2004) Alkan, Feyzanur; İzci, Celal; Tepeli, Cafer; Koç, YılmazThe aim of this study was to determine the normal values for the Schirmer tear test (STT) in Turkish HuntingDogs. This was performed in order to facilitate the diagnosis of xerophthalmia orkeratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), which is characterized by deficiencies in tear production and the resulting abnormal STT. Fifteen Turkish Hunting Dogs (8 female and 7 male) were used in this study. The dogs ranged from 6 months to 9 years old (mean 3.6 +/- 2.8) and the mean weight was 21.3 kg (13 to 27). The mean STT-1 and STT-2 values were 17.1 +/- 3.7 mm per minute and 7.7 +/- 2.8 mm per minute, respectively. Neither body weight nor age had a statistically significant effect on these values. There were significant differences in both STT-1 and STT-2 values between females and males (p<0.05), as well as daily and weekly fluctuations for STT-1 and STT-2 values (P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). This study has shown that the STT-1 and STT-2 values in the Turkish Hunting Dogs are normally distributed and are significantly affected by sex and by measurement sequences.Öğe Evaluation of the Schirmer tear test in two Turkish breeds of shepherd dogs(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2004) Alkan, Feyzanur; İzci, Celal; Tepeli, Cafer; Koç, YılmazThe Schirmer tear test 1 and 2 (STT-1 and STT-2) were performed to evaluate tear production in 20 Turkish Akbas Shepherd Dogs and 21 Turkish Kangal Shepherd Dogs. The mean values for STT-1 and STT-2 in Turkish Akbas and Kangal Shepherd Dogs were 20.7 +/- 2.9 min/min and 21.5 +/- 3.8 mm/min, and 9.8 +/- 2.3 mm/min and 9.8 +/- 3.0 mm/min, respectively. It was determined that neither body weight nor age had a statistically significant effect on these values. There were significantly differences in both STT-1 and STT-2 values between females and males in Shepherd dogs of both breeds (p < 0.05). There were significant fluctuations daily, weekly, or over time for STT-1 and STT-2 values for each breed (p < 0.05). This study has shown that the STT-1 and STT-2 values in both Turkish Akbas Shepherd Dogs and Turkish Kangal Shepherd Dogs are normally distributed and are significantly affected by breed, sex, or measurement sequences.Öğe Fluni?ksi?n Meglumi?n (FinadynR)'in Eklem Sıvısına Geçi?ş Oranının Beli?rlenmesi?(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1995 Ocak) Traş, Bünyamin; İzci, Celal; Elmas, MuammerThis experimental study was conducted to determine of ratio of passing of flunixin meglumine into synovial fluid. Five healthy dogs were used as materials. Flunixin meglumine (FinadynR) was injected intramuscularly (1.1 mg/kg) to each dog. Venous blood and synovial fluid for determination of plasma and synovial fluid flunixin meglumine concentration were collected at 4 and 8 th hours after drug administration. Concentration of flunixin meglumine in plasma and synovial fluid were analysed by HPLC. As a result, ratio of passing of flunixin melumine into synovial fluid was found to be 47% and 23% at 4 and 8 th hours, respectivelyÖğe Geni?ş Defektli Fıtıkların Kapatılmasında Senteti?k Tül Kullanımı Üzeri?ne Kli?ni?k ve Histopatoloji?k Araştırmalar(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1992 Ocak) Koç, Yılmaz; Çiftçi, M. Kemal; İzci, Celal; Türkütanıt, S. Serap; Arıcan, MustafaIn this study in order to close the large defected umbilical and abdominal hernias synthetic tulle that is economic, close tressed easily extend, lasting and abudantly found was used. For this reason we have studied on totally 15 clinical cases consisting of 11 calves, 1 cow, 1 young bull and 2 sheep and experimentally on 8 dogs. It has been thought that synthetic tulle can easily be used in domestic animals with large defected umbilical and abdominal hernias because having the peculiarity of easily acceptability from body either by entering into the fibers of fibrous connective tissue increassing the strength by surrounding them.Öğe Histologic Characteristics and Local Cellular Immunity of the Gland of the Third Eyelid After Topical Ophthalmic Administration of 2% Cyclosporine for Treatment of Dogs With Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca(Amer Veterinary Medical Assoc, 2002) İzci, Celal; Çelik, İlhami; Alkan, Fahrettin; Oğurtan, Zeki; Ceylan, Cengiz; Sur, Emrah; Özkan, YaseminObjective-To evaluate the efficacy of topical administration of a 2% solution of cyclosporine (CsA) for treatment of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to correlate results with histopathologic characteristics and local cellular immunity of the gland of the third eyelid. Animals-24 dogs with bilateral KCS. Procedure-Lacrimal secretion was measured, using Schirmer tear test (STT) strips. Leukocyte and T-lymphocyte subsets were determined in blood samples. Histopathologic changes as well as CD4+, CD8+, and alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase-positive (ANAE+) lymphocytes were evaluated. Results-Clinical signs resolved at the end of 1 month in conjunction with significantly increased STT values, compared with baseline values. Fifteen and 30 days after discontinuation of CsA treatment, a decrease was observed in STT values in both eyes; however, only values for the right eye were significantly different. There was a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes and ANAE+ lymphocytes 15 and 30 days after discontinuation of CsA treatment, compared with baseline values. Differences were not observed in number of CD4+ lymphocytes among treatment groups. However, there was a significant decrease in number of CD8+ lymphocytes with reversal of the CD4+:CD8+ in both eyes after CsA treatment for 30 days, compared with the control group. Increased secretory activity and decreased lymphocyte infiltration were characteristic histopathologic findings. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Topical administration of a 2% solution of CsA was effective for the treatment of dogs with KCS. Strict follow-up monitoring is required after the cessation of treatment because of the possibility of recurrence of KCS.Öğe Konya Bölgesi? Koyunlarında Görülen Ekstremi?te ve Ayak Hastalıklarının Kli?ni?k ve Radyolojik Olarak Değerlendi?ri?lmesi?(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1994) İzci, Celal; Koç, Yılmaz; Avki, Sırrı; Kul, MustafaThis study was undertaken to find out the extent of extremity and foot diseases of sheep in Konya region. In this study; total 10216 sheep, at the State sheep farm and private sheep farm in Konya, were examined clinically and radiologically. For the radiographic examinations, Tanka TP-20 model, portable X-ray units with a maximum power of 70 kV, 10 mA was used. Of the 10216 animals examined, 2043 (19.9 %) had foot disorders, those most commonly found being various claw abnormalities and horn fissures. The front feet were involved in 23.4 % and the hind feet in 76.6 %. Overgrowth of horn had the highest incidence (83.8 %), followed by sinusitis interdigitalis (25.3 %) and horn fissures (17.8 %). In the present study, foot lesions were observed more in females than in ma/es. Foot abscesses, traumatic injuries and evulsion of hoof were also recorded. Foot abscess was mostly associated with interdigital dermatitis. Traumatic injuries included bruising of the sole and wounds.Öğe Konya Bölgesi?nde Sığır Topallıklarına Neden Olan Ayak Hastalıkları Üzeri?nde Radyoloji?k ve Hi?stopatoloji?k I?ncelemeler(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1992 Ocak) Yavru, Nuri; Koç, Yılmaz; Elma, Ertuğrul; Erer, Hüdaverdi; Özkan, Kadircan; İzci, Celal; Kaya, ZuhalDiese Arbeit wurde ausgeführt, um die Frage zu beantworten, an welchen Klauenerkrankungen die Tiere leiden, die in den Schlachthof zur wirtschaftlichen Verwertung eingeliefert waren, und die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen entsprechend der Ergebnisse durchzuführen.. Das Untersuchungsmaterial bestand aus 100 Rinderfüssen, die den 73 Rindern von unterschiedlichen Alter, Geschlecht und Rasse gehörten. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde bei Klauenerkrankungen, die in Konya ein wichtiges Zuchtproblem darstellen, die klinische Untersuchung nacher mit röntgenologischen und histopathologischen Untersuchungen ausgewertet und die richtige Diagnose gestellt. Unter 100 Füssen waren in 84% der Klauen, eine Deformierung des Klauenschuhs vorhanden. Nach diesen Untersu- chungen waren die Ergebnisse wie folgendes: Nichteitrige Klauenlederhautentzündung (32%), Ostitis-Periostitis 15 %), Ballenhorfaeule (12%), Podarthrose (11%), Eitrig-infizierte Klauenlederhautentzündung (8%), Klauengelenkentzündung (6 %), Hornspalt (3%) Rusterholz'sches Sohlengeschwür (4%), Zwischenklauenhautentzündung (3%), Eitrige Entzün- dung der gemeinsamen digitalen Beugesehnenscheide (1%), Zwischenklauenwulst (2%), Ankylosierung des Klauenge- lenkes (1%), Klauenbeinfraktur (1%) und Knochentuberkulose (1%). Als Schlussfolgerung wurde die Wichtigkeit der Klauenpflege ausgesagt, da bei 84% der erkrankten Klauen eine Formveraenderung vorhanden warÖğe Köpeklerde Aşi?l Tendosu (Achilles Tendon) Kopmalarının Karbon Fi?ber (Carbon Fi?bre) ve Suprami?d ile Di?ki?lerek Tedavi?si? Üzeri?nde Karşılaştırmalı Araştırmalar(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1988 Ocak) İzci, CelalThis study was carried out on 40 legs of 20 dogs of varied breed, sex and age. The experimental animals were divided into two groups containing 10 dogs each. In the first group, the tendon ends were sutured with carbon fibre and supramid after the tenotomy. In the second group, following the tenectomy, at first the tendon ends were fixed against each other by using 4/0 stainless steel wire later carbon fibre and supramid were placed like a bridge between the two ends by means of Dexon. In both groups the legs were bandaged covering up the whole hock in an extention state. The bandages were taken off after 17 days of the experiment where tenorrhaphy was applied. However, this was done at 21 st day of the operation where the implantation was tried. Atrophy has formed in soft tissues especially under the hock in cases where the plastared bandage was applied. No complication was observed as to the PVC bandage utilization. The animals for which tenorrhaphy was implemented were allowed for complete free movement at 30 th day, but the other animals for which the implantation was used did so after 35 days. After the recovering period samples had been obtained from the operational region and popliteal lymph nodes under general anesthesia for examining histopatologically, the animals were euthanatized. As a result, it could be forseen that supramid may be used as a sutured material for the treatment of tendon ruptures in dogs, whereas carbon fibre can be used as an implant material for the same purpose.Öğe Köpeklerde Bazı Trankilizanların Kan ve Serebrospinal Sıvıdaki Çeşitli Biyokimyasal Değerler Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1990 Ocak) İzci, Celal; Yavru, Nuri; Tiftik, Ali Muhtar; Koç, YılmazThis study was carried out in three groups, that each group consists of 5 dogs. In the first group xylazine, in the second group propionylprozmazine and third group promazine was used intravenously, as a doses of mg per kg body weight 3.5, 0.3 and 3 mg respectively. In all the animals blood an cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken first before and then after the application of drug on 30th, 60th and 120th minutes. In the samples changes in glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphor parameters were investigated.Öğe Köpeklerde Keratokonjunktivitis Si?kka ve Tedavi?si?nde Yeni? Bi?r Yaklaşım(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 1995 Nisan) İzci, CelalKeratoconjunctivitis sicca is a common ophtalmic problem in dogs. The condition usually results from a deficiency of the aqueous component of the precomeal tear film. A deficiency in the aqueous portion of the tear film results in an increase in tear film osmolality, conjunctivitis and keratitis and secondary comeal ulcerations. Although the cause of the keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs can not be determined, circumstantial evidence, histopathologic lesions, and circulating autoantibodies suggest that autoimmune processes account for the majority of cases. The diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca is based on clinical signs and results of a Schirmer tear test. The hallmark clinical sign is a mucoid to mucopurulent ocular discharge that adheres to the comeal epithelium and is usually accompanied by a cojunctival redness. The Schirmer tear test is a semiquantitative method of assessing tear function. Normal dogs wet 14-24 mm/min on Schirmer tear test but keratoconjunctivitis sicca cases typically wet less than 8-10 mm/min. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is nearly always misdiagnosed as primary bacterial or nonspesific conjunctivitis or keratitis because clinical signs are similar. The conventional therapy in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca consist of frequent typical applications of such medications as artificial tear replacement solutions, parasympathomimetic agents, antiinflammatory drugs, mucolytics, and antibiotics. Recently, keratoconjunctivitis sicca therapy has been radically altered by the introduction of a single topical agent, cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant useful in organ transplantation. Topical cyclosporine, used once or twice daily, can stimulate tear production and alleviate many of the signs of the disease.
