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Öğe Analysis of Energy Use and Input Costs for Irrigation in Field Crop Production: A Case Study for the Konya Plain of Turkey(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2009) Topak, Ramazan; Acar, Bilal; Ugurlu, NuhThe objective of this study was to determine the energy use and input costs for irrigation in field crop production of winter wheat, maize, sugar beet, dry bean, potato, and carrot. For this purpose, irrigation data for the production of six field crops were collected through a survey of 72 farms. According to the results, the carrot crop used the highest amount of energy for irrigation with a value of 47,655 MJ/ha, and winter wheat used the least at 13,167 MJ/ha. Energy efficiency of irrigation for carrot, sugar beet, dry bean, potato, maize, and winter wheat were estimated to be 3.19, 6.04, 1.11, 2.69, 6.41, and 3.95, respectively. The most important cost item for irrigation was the diesel energy cost. The farms that used electricity for irrigation were more successful in terms of economic performance. It was concluded that excess water and energy use for the irrigation process should be reduced to increase the efficiency of energy use for the production of field crops in arid and semi-arid areas.Öğe Boron Content of Cultivated Soils in Central-Southern Anatolia and Its Relationship with Soil Properties and Irrigation Water Quality(Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ, 2002) Gezgin, Sait; Dursun, Nesim; Hamurcu, Mehmet; Harmankaya, Mustafa; Önder, Mustafa; Sade, Bayram; Topal, Ali; Soylu, Süleyman; Akgün, Necdet; Yorgancılar, Mustafa; Ceyhan, Ercan; Çiftçi, Nizamettin; Acar, Bilal; Gültekin, İrfan; Işık, Yusuf; Cevdet, Şeker; Babaoğlu, MehmetBoron toxicity may occur in semi-arid regions due to high levels of B in soils, in the ground water, in fertilisers or in irrigation water (U.S. Salinity Lab. Staff, 1954; Nable et al., 1997). Boron availability is affected by soil properties, principally pH, salt content, organic matter, lime, soil texture and exchangeable cations (Keren and Bingham, 1985; Sakal and Singh, 1995; Rahmatullah et al, 1999). According to Wilcox and Durum (1967), the minimum B concentration in irrigation water for a given crop species that does not reduce yield or lead to injury (symptoms) ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 mg B I¹ for sensitive crops, to 1.0 to 2.0 mgl¹ for semi-tolerant crops, and 2.0 to 4.0 mgl¹ for tolerant plant species.Öğe Comparison of Energy of Irrigation Regimes in Sugar Beet Production in a Semi-Arid Region(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2010) Topak, Ramazan; Süheri, Sinan; Acar, BilalThis study analyzed the effect of three levels of drip irrigation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) production in the Middle Anatolian region of Turkey. Two deficit irrigation treatments 75% and 50% of measured soil water depletion were compared with a full irrigation control treatment. In this paper, root yield, NEY (net energy yield), EEP (efficiency of energy production) and EWUE (energy water use efficiency) were investigated. Energy consumption of irrigation was found to be about 60% of total energy input in sugar beet production under full and deficit irrigation treatments. It was found that sugar beet had the highest EEP value (6.29) under the partial deficit irrigation (representing 75% of full irrigation). However, it was observed that full and severe deficit irrigation (representing 50% of full irrigation) treatments had a lower value. Results of this study indicated that the partial deficit drip irrigation technique can be applied in sugar beet production. In practice, deficit irrigation technique can reduce irrigation water use up to 25% compared to full irrigation technique. In addition, partial deficit drip irrigation technique may save 11.2% of total energy inputs, 16.1% of irrigation energy inputs, 21.2% of total fuel use and 25% of fuel use in irrigation.Öğe Damla sulamada farklı damlatıcı debilerinin toprak profilinde nem dağılımına etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2001-08-13) Acar, Bilal; Kara, MehmetBu araştırma Karaman yakınında Kanalet yolu üzeri olarak bilinen Çavuş Mevkisindeki bir elma bahçesinde killi-tın toprakta damla sulamada farklı damlatıcı debileri, basınç ve sulama seviyelerinin profilde nem dağılımına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada farklı debi ve basınçlarda (0.75 ve 1.0 atm.), faydalı suyun %30' u ve %50' si tüketildiğinde olmak üzere iki farklı nem seviyesinde sulama yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, araştırmada kullanılan damlatıcıların imalat kalitesi ve su dağılım yeknesaklığı da araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, profildeki ıslatma deseninin şekline basınçtan ziyade damlatıcı debisi ve sulama suyu seviyelerinin etki ettiği belirlenmiştir. 2 L/h damlatıcı debisi uygulamasının 4 L/h ' a göre aynı işletme şartlarında toprağın nem miktarını daha fazla artırdığı bulunmuştur. En yüksek nem miktarı 0-30 cm derinlikte bulunmuştur. Genel olarak toprak nem miktarı 0-30 cm ile 30-60 cm derinliklerde birbirine yakın olmasına karşılık 60-90 cm derinlikte oldukça düşük bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucuna göre, damlatıcılar imalat kalitesi yönünden iyi ve zayıf tip damlatıcılar olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Damlatıcıların yeknesaklık katsayıları % 89.0 - 97.5 arasında bulunmuş olup buna göre su dağılımı çok iyi ve iyi olarak belirlenmiştir.Öğe Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Konya Basin, Turkey(UNIV PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS, 2009) Topak, Ramazan; Acar, Bilal; Sueheri, SinanDry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widely planted in the Middle Anatolian Region of Turkey, especially in the Konya-Karaman-Aksaray-Nigde districts where 20% of the total dry bean growing area is located and produces 22% of the total yield. In recent years, the farmers in the Konya basin have been applying high amounts of irrigation water in order to get higher yield. This situation results in decreased ground water resources in the basin. Thus, it is critical to know the water requirement of the crop, as well as how to improve irrigation efficiency. Afield experiment was conducted in Konya district (and region) to determine the irrigation water requirement of dry bean crops under sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. Irrigation treatments were based on Class A pan evaporation. The highest yield, averaging 3132 kg ha(-1), was measured in drip-irrigated plots in the irrigation treatment with full irrigation (565 mm). Maximum yields were obtained with the same amount of water in the sprinkler irrigation method compared with the drip method. In this study, bean yields were reduced by deficit in both sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. Water use of the dry bean crop ranged from 412-623 mm for sprinkler-irrigated plots and 420-627 mm for drip-irrigated treatments. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) levels of 0.57 and 0.50 kg m(-3) were obtained in sprinkler and drip irrigated treatments, respectively. Significant linear relationships were found between bean yield and water use for both irrigation methods. Yield response factors were calculated at 1.32 for the sprinkler method and 1.49 for the drip method.Öğe Effect of applied water and discharge rate on wetted soil volume in loam or clay-loam soil from an irrigated trickle source(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2009) Acar, Bilal; Topak, Ramazan; Mikailsoy, FarizThis study was designated to determine the effect of different applied water by use of different emitter discharges on the wetting patterns of a loam or clay-loam soil under trickle source. Irrigation water was applied when the soil water depletion of 30 and 50% from available water capacity of soil in 0 - 90 depth. The discharge rates of 2 and 4 L h(-1) was selected in irrigation treatments. The parameters affected the wetted soil volume of vertical wetting front advance Z(f), lateral wetting front advance within the soil profile R(s) or at the surface R(f),were researched. The Z(f) and R(s) varied 43 to 58 cm and 54 to 60 cm, respectively. Different emitter discharges had no significant effects on Z(f), R(s) and R(f). Different water applications had significant effect on Z(f) but, had no significant effects on R(s) or R(f). The highest wetted soil volume was obtained as 122681.6 cm(3) irrigation at 50% depletion from the available water capacity of soil from by 4 L h(-1) emitter discharge use. The results showed that higher application rate favors the both vertical and lateral direction of water.Öğe Effect of different drip irrigation regimes on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey(SPRINGER, 2011) Topak, Ramazan; Suheri, Sinan; Acar, BilalAgricultural production has forced researchers to focus on increasing water use efficiency by improving either new drought-tolerant plant varieties or water management for arid and semi-arid areas under water shortage conditions. A field study was conducted to determine effects of seasonal deficit irrigation on plant root yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet for a 2-year period in the semi-arid region. Irrigations were applied when approximately 50-55% of the usable soil moisture was consumed in the effective rooting depth at the full irrigation (FI) treatment. In deficit irrigation treatments, irrigations were applied at the rates of 75, 50 and 25% of full irrigation treatment on the same day. Irrigation water was applied by a drip irrigation system. Increasing water deficits resulted in a relatively lower root and white sugar yields. The linear relationship between evapotranspiration and root yield was obtained. Similarly, WUE was the highest in DI25 irrigation conditions and the lowest in full irrigation conditions. According to the averaged values of 2 years, yield response factor (k (y) ) was 0.93 for sugar beet. Sugar beet root quality parameters were influenced by drip irrigation levels in both years. The results revealed that irrigation of sugar beet with drip irrigation method at 75% level (DI25) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and large WUE, indicating a definitive advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. In an economic viewpoint, 25% saving of irrigation water (DI25) caused 6.1% reduction in the net income.Öğe Irrigation and nitrogen level affect lettuce yield in greenhouse condition(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2008) Acar, Bilal; Paksoy, Mustafa; Tuerkmen, Oender; Seymen, MusaThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on lettuce yield characteristics in greenhouse condition from December 2006 to March 2007. Irrigation levels of 100% of total class A pan (S1), 80% of total class A pan (S2), 60% of total class A pan (S3) and nitrogen levels of 0 kg ha(-1) (N1), 100 kg ha(-1) (N2), 200 kg ha(-1) (N3), and 300 kg ha(-1) (N4) were applied by drip system. Irrigation levels did not show any significant effect on head weight, marketable head weight, number of leaves, height of plants, head circle, root length, and root extent except core length and total soluble solid, TSS. The highest head and marketable head weight were found as 355.17 and 334.78 g in S1 application, respectively. Nitrogen levels had no significant effect on measured parameters. These values were the highest as 365.06 and 342.93 g in N3 application.Öğe Performance of partial root-zone drip irrigation for sugar beet production in a semi-arid area(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Topak, Ramazan; Acar, Bilal; Uyanoz, Refik; Ceyhan, ErcanPartial root-zone drying (PRD), a water-saving irrigation strategy, is being tested in many field crops species. In this study, the effects of PRD on root yield, sugar yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency (FNUE) of field-grown sugar beet were compared with those of conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) and full irrigation (FI). The experiments were conducted at Konya-Cumra, a Central Anatolian region of Turkey, in 2012 and 2013. Five irrigation techniques were designed and three nitrogen levels were chosen for the current study. These five irrigation techniques were applied to the study crops with the help of a drip irrigation system. In FI (control), the irrigation water was applied to both sides of the root system such that 35-40% of the available soil moisture was consumed in the 0.90-m root zone. In CDI50 and CDI75, 50% and 75% irrigation water of FI, respectively, was supplied to both sides of the root system. In alternative PRD50 (APRD(50)), the half of the root system was exposed to soil drying and the other half was kept well-watered with 50% irrigation water of FI. In fixed PRD50 (FPRD50), 50% irrigation water of FI was supplied only to half of the fixed side of the root system. Furthermore, the three chosen nitrogen levels included N-100, where the plant's nitrogen requirement is met completely; N-75, where 25% reduction was made in the plant's nitrogen requirement; and N-50, where 50% reduction was made in the plant's nitrogen requirement. Although the effect of nitrogen levels on sugar beet root and sugar yields was not significant, irrigation treatments had a significant effect (5% of the level). Compared to the FI treatment, the CDI75, CDI50, APRD(50), and FPRD50 treatments decreased the standardized root and sugar yields by 6.36%, 26.97%, 19.12%, and 23.50%, respectively. APRD(50) and FPRD50 increased the standardized yield by 10.74% and 4.75% compared to CDI50, respectively. In addition, when same amount of irrigation water was used, PRD (APRD(50) and FPRD50) treatments outperformed CDI50 in WUE and FNUE of sugar beets. Compared to FI and CDI50, APRD(50) increased WUEroot by 19.8% and 8.5% and FNUEroot by 26.2% and 68.2%, respectively. The varying nitrogen levels had a significant effect on FNUEroot and FNUEsugar. The highest FNUEroot and FNUEsugar values were obtained with N-50. Further, combinations of different irrigation treatments and nitrogen levels had a significant effect on FNUEroot. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Production Performance of Caged Layers Under Different Environmental Temperatures(EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO, 2002) Uğurlu, Nuh; Acar, Bilal; Topak, RamazanThe objective of the present experiment was set to investigate the effects of temperature variations on egg production, feed intake, number of cracked eggs, egg shell strength, egg weight, body weight, mortality rates, and manure moisture content in caged layers. The experiment was conducted in three different environmental temperatures, namely cool, temperate, and warm regions. The mean temperatures obtained from these three regions were measured as 21.4 degreesC, 22.6 degreesC, and 27.6 degreesC, respectively during the experiment. As the environmental temperatures increased egg production was decreased. With in creasing environmental temperature from 21.4 degreesC to 27.6 degreesC, feed intake of layers decreased from 113.3 g/hen to 96.5 g/hen. The relationships with environmental temperature. egg production and feed consumption were significant (P < .01). Increasing of environmental temperatures resulted in lower egg weights. An adverse relationship between temperature and number of cracked egg was observed. Body weights were higher in the cool region in comparison to warm region.
