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Öğe CXC chemokine ligand 12 and G protein-coupled receptor 30 expressions in canine mammary tumors of mixed origin(2018) Alçığır, Mehmet Eray; Anadol, Elvan; Gültiken, Nilgün; Alkan, Kübra Karakaş; Alkan, Hasan; Kanca, HalitCanine mammary tumors (CMT) included complex interactions in the etiopathogenesis. It is the most common problemof neoplasia in female dogs. The aim of this study was to reveal the roles of chemokine CXC Ligand 12 (CXCL12) and Gprotein coupled receptor 30 (GPCR30) expressions in the inflammatory process and neoplastic development in caninemammary glands. Therefore, after clinical and pathomorphological evaluation, 18 cases of mixed origin malignant forms(mixed-type carcinoma-n6, complex-type carcinoma-n3, carcinosarcoma-n7, carcinoma and malignantmyoepithelioma-n2)] were examined in the study. Inflammatory cells accompanying neoplastic changes, were determinedto consist of predominantly neutrophils and leukocytes, followed by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. TheCXCL12 and GPCR30 expressions were scored. immunohistochemically. Most of the expressions for both markers weremoderate in the mammary gland and duct epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells and inflammatory cells. Fibrocytes andfibroblasts gave a mild reaction in general, and no reaction was found in the myxoid, chondroid and osteoid matrix. Therewas considered to be a close relationship between mixed composition CMT and subacute inflammation, and thus it wasconcluded that inflammtory cells may trigger or initiate neoplastic transformation in the cellular environment includingdifferentiated cells of the mammary gland.Öğe Damızlıkta kullanılma yaşı uzamış olan düvelerde tohumlama sonrası uygulanan karprofenin gebe kalma oranı üzerine etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2020) Satılmış, Fatma; Alkan, Hasan; Yeşilkaya, Ömer Faruk; Çiftçi, Muhammed Furkan; Erdem, HüseyinAmaç: Sunulan çalışma, damızlıkta kullanılma yaşı uzamış olan düvelere tohumlama sonrası karprofen uygulamasının gebe kalma oranı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın hayvan materyalini; >3 kez tohumlandığı halde gebe kalmamış, östrüs siklusları düzenli, 18 ay ve üzeri yaşta ve vücut kondisyon skoru ?3,50 olan 156 baş Simental ve Esmer ırkı düve oluşturdu. Rektal palpasyon ve real-time ultrason ile yapılan muayenelerde ovaryumlarında korpus luteum belirlenen; ovidukt, uterus, serviks, vagina ve vulvada herhangi bir patolojik sorun tespit edilmeyen düvelere PGF2? kas içi enjeksiyonu uygulandı. Prostaglandin F2? uygulaması sonrası ikinci ve üçüncü günde östrüs gösteren düvelere suni tohumlama yapıldı (0. gün). Tohumlanan düveler 2 deneme grubuna ayrıldı. Karprofen -13 (Kr-13) grubu düvelere 13. günde Karprofen -14 (Kr-14) grubu düvelere ise 14. günde deri altı karprofen enjeksiyonu yapıldı. Her iki deneme grubunun kontrol grublarını oluşturan düvelere ise herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. Gebelik muayeneleri ortalama 30. günde real time ultrason ile yapıldı. Bulgular: Gebe kalma oranları 13. gün deneme ve kontrol grubunda sırasıyla %46,80 ve 47,36; 14. gün deneme ve kontrol grubunda ise %37,14 ve 47,22 olarak belirlenmiştir (p>0,05). Öneri: Sonuç olarak damızlıkta kullanılma yaşı uzamış düvelerde tohumlama sonrası 13 veya 14. günde karprofen uygulamasının gebelik oranını artırmadığı tespit edilmiştirÖğe The effect of anti-mullerian hormone and progesterone concentrations on superovulation response and embryo yield in goats(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2020) Alkan, Kübra Karakaş; Alkan, Hasan; Kaymaz, MustafaWe aimed to evaluate the relationship of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone concentrations with superovulation response in goats and to determine donors exhibiting better superovulation response by measuring AMH concentrations. For this, blood samples were collected from multiparous Angora goats (n = 24) for measuring the progesterone and AMH concentrations on the day the synchronization protocol was initiated (Day 0), on the day of the first FSH administration (Day 9), on the day the progesterone source was removed (Day 11), and on the day of uterine flushing. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum value, maximum value, and percentile) were given for superovulation response and embryo yield. To compare the differences between the two groups, the Student's t-test was used. The relationship between two continuous variables was assessed by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The AMH cutoff values in superovulation responses were evaluated by ROC analysis on the day the synchronization protocol was initiated. A strong positive correlation was found between the AMH concentrations measured on the day the synchronization protocol was initiated (Day 0), on the day of the first FSH administration (Day 9), and on the day of removal of the progesterone source (Day 11) and the count of total corpus luteum (CL), total oocyte/embryo, transferable embryo, and Code I quality embryo (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AMH concentration increased on the day the synchronization protocol was initiated, the donor's superovulation response increased as well. The cutoff value was 4.74 ng/ml, as assessed by the ROC curve analysis conducted for selecting donors exhibiting better superovulation responses. The sensitivity and specificity of the selected cutoff value were found to be quite high (P < 0.01). However, a positive correlation was noted between the progesterone concentrations measured on the day of uterine flushing and total CL count, total oocyte/embryo count, transferable embryo count, and Code I quality embryo count (P < 0.01). In conclusion, it was determined that an increase in AMH concentrations in goats led to an increase in the total CL count, embryo count, and embryo quality and that AMH measurement could be used to identify donors that responded better to superovulation. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the progesterone concentration measured on the day of uterine flushing and the total CL count, transferable embryo count, and embryo quality. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018) Alkan, Kübra Karakaş; Alçığır, Mehmet Eray; Alkan, HasanBackground: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells. Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively. At the macroscopic and histological examinations, the mass was diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was stained with CK19 -SMA, vimentin, desmin, TGF-, VEGF, CEA, ER and PR markers. Other markers gave moderate to severe reactions in exception for no or weak ER and PR positivities. In direction of these results, clear cell carcinoma of cervix had been found remarkably due to first description in a spayed bitch on the basis of knowledge. Discussion: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one type of the endometrial carcinomas. It is frequently known to have aggressive behavior and unfavorable prognosis. In human counterparts, clear cell carcinoma is frequently reoccurred in caudoabdominal and pelvic region even after being removed. The occurrence of clear cell carcinoma has highly increased with diethylstilbestrol usage during pregnancy. The situation on uterine carcinoma is nearly same in domestic animals. It is related to prolonged estrogenism. In this case, the bitch has been under prolong exposure to estrogenic effect. Indeed the estradiol level was high when compared to spayed female. Also, it is thought that the reason of high estradiol level does not depend on the ovarian remnant. It is believed this situation may be relevant to exogen hormone usage. Vaginal smear confirmed erythrocyte (due to bleeding), predominantly superficial cells to it's under estrogenic effect even despite being spayed. © 2018 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. All rights reserved.Öğe Evaluation of the factors that affect the pregnancy rates during embryo transfer in beef heifers(WILEY, 2019) Alkan, Hasan; Karaşahin, Tahir; Dursun, Şükrü; Satılmış, Fatma; Erdem, Hüseyin; Güler, MehmetThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the transfer side, transfer location, cervix transfer score, type and diameter of corpus luteum (CL) during embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in beef heifers. Progesterone-based synchronization and superovulation protocol were applied to Simmental cows used as donors (n = 168). Uterine flushings were performed on day 7 following artificial insemination. Obtained Code I (excellent or good) and II (fair) quality embryos were transferred to recipient beef heifers (n = 561). During embryo transfer, side of transfer (right or left), transfer location (the cranial or middle third of uterine horn), cervix transfer score (easy, moderate or difficult) and type (CLa, CLb and CLc) and diameter of CL were determined. Pregnancy rates following the transfer of Code I and II embryos were 44.66% and 33.07%, respectively (p < .05). The rates of pregnancy after transfers to the right and left uterine horn were 37% and 42.2%, respectively (p > .05). The pregnancy rates were 41.2%, 34.9% and 30.3% for cervix transfer scores as easy, moderate and difficult, respectively (p > .05). Pregnancy rates after transfer to the cranial third and middle third were 41.06% and 29.67%, respectively (p < .05). According to types of CL, pregnancy rates were 31.7%, 40.4% and 45.3% for CLa, CLb and CLc, respectively (p < .05). Moreover, it was found that as the CL diameter increased, the pregnancy rates increased. As a result, it was concluded that there was no effect of side of transfer and cervix transfer score, but embryo quality, transfer location, type and diameter of CL had significant effects on the pregnancy rate during embryo transfer in beef heifers.Öğe EXPRESSION OF iNOS, COX-2 AND VEGF IN CANINE MAMMARY TUMOURS AND NON-NEOPLASTIC MAMMARY GLANDS: ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND TUMOUR GRADE(AKADEMIAI KIADO RT, 2017) Anadol, Elvan; Sağlam, Atiye Seda Yar; Gültiken, Nilgün; Karakaş, Kübra; Alçığır, Mehmet Eray; Alkan, Hasan; Kanca, HalitThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the expression of iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA levels and malignancy degree in canine malignant mammary tumours. Thirty-five bitches presented with the complaint of mammary masses, aged 6-10 years and representing different breeds, were used. The expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA levels were significantly higher in both benign and malignant tumours than in the adjacent nonneoplastic mammary glands (P < 0.05). The iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA expression levels of grade 2 tumours were higher than those of grade 1 tumours; however, the highest expression levels were detected in grade 3 tumours. Thus, increased iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF gene mRNA levels were found to be related with the histological grade of malignancy in dogs with mammary tumours.Öğe Holstein ırkı ineklerde target breeding ve presynch-ovsynch senkronizasyon yöntemlerinin postpartum ilk tohumlamada gebe kalma oranı üzerine etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi, 2020) Alkan, Hasan; Alkan, Kübra KarakaşAmaç: Sunulan çalışmada Holstein ırkı ineklerde target breeding ve presynchovsynch senkronizasyon protokollerinin ilk tohumlamadaki gebe kalma oranı üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada postpartum 30-35. günler arasında olan ve 2,5-6 yaşlı 160 sağlıklı Holstein ırkı inek kullanıldı. İneklere ilk olarak rektal ve ultrasonografik muayene yapıldı ve genital sisteminde herhangi bir sorun tespit edilmeyen hayvanlar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Çalışmada hayvanlar 3 gruba ayrıldı. Birinci Grup (Target breeding, n=60) ineklere 14 gün arayla 3 kez PGF2? enjeksiyonu yapıldı. Üçüncü PGF2? enjeksiyonundan sonra 72. saate kadar östrus gösteren hayvanlar tohumlandı. Östrus göstermeyen hayvanlar ise 80. saatte sabit zamanlı olarak tohumlandı. İkinci Grup (Presynch-Ovsynch, n=50) ineklere ise 14 gün arayla iki kez PGF2? enjeksiyonu yapıldı ve ikinci PGF2? enjeksiyonundan 12 gün sonra Ovsynch protokolüne başlandı. Üçüncü Grup (Kontrol, n=50) ineklere ise herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. Postpartum ilk tohumlama günü ve gebe kalma oranları kayıt altına alındı. Tohumlama sonrası ineklerin gebelik muayeneleri 30. günde ultrasonografi ile yapıldı. Bulgular: Target breeding, presynch-ovsynch ve kontrol grubunda gebe kalma oranları sırasıyla; %36,66 (22/60), %32,0 (16/50) ve %24,0 (12/60) olarak belirlendi (p>0.05). Target breeding grubunda son PGF2? enjeksiyonundan sonra 72 saat içerisinde 38 (%63,33; 38/60) inekte östrus gözlemlendi. Östrus gösterdiği tespit edilip tohumlanan ve östrus göstermeden sabit zamanlı tohumlanan ineklerin gebelik oranları sırasıyla %42,10 (16/38) ve %27,27 (6/22) bulundu. Öneri: Target breeding ve presynch-ovsynch gruplarında ilk tohumlama sonrası gebe kalma oranları istatistiksel olarak artmamasına rağmen bu gruplarda kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek gebe kalma oranları elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu senkronizasyon protokollerinin ilk servis periyodunda olumlu etkisinin olabileceği ancak daha fazla hayvan sayısı ile yeni çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği düşünülmektedirÖğe Immunohistochemical and qPCR determination of the expression and serum level of anti-Mullerian hormone in pre-pubertal, intact and ovarian remnant syndrome detected bitches(WILEY, 2019) Alkan, Kübra Karakaş; Ceylan, Ahmet; Alkan, Hasan; Özen, Doğukan; Bayraktaroğlu, Alev Gürol; Kaymaz, MustafaThe aim of this study was to determine the serum concentrations, ovarian presence and expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in pre-pubertal, bitches with signs of ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) and intact bitches. In addition, we aimed to verify the suitability of serum AMH concentrations for diagnostic purposes in sterilized bitches and/or in suspected cases of ORS in the field of veterinary medicine. For this purpose, 36 healthy female dogs divided into six groups: proestrus, oestrus, dioestrus, anoestrus, pre-pubertal and ORS. Serum AMH concentrations were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and ovarian presence and distribution of AMH was confirmed by immunohistochemical and qPCR techniques. According to the results of qPCR, while the expression values of AMH were at the highest concentrations in the proestrus and oestrus, there was a statistically significant decrease in these values at the later stages of the cycle (p < 0.05). According to hormone analysis, the serum AMH values of the ORS group had decreased significantly compared with the proestrus and oestrus (p < 0.05). Although serum AMH levels of ORS group were increased compared with anestrus and pre-pubertal groups, this increase was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemically, AMH expression was first observed in the granulosa cells of primordial follicles in folliculogenesis. Expression values were the highest in the proestrous and oestrus groups, but values from bitches in later stages of the cycle were statistically significant decrease in comparison with these groups (p < 0.05). As a result, AMH concentration and expression were found to be higher in proestrus and oestrus than in other periods (p < 0.05). In addition, the measurable level of AMH concentration in bitches with ORS is an indication that it can be used in the diagnosis of ORS.Öğe İneklerde nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçların reprodüktif amaçlı kullanımı(2018) Alkan, Hasan; Erdem, HüseyinVeteriner hekimlik alanında nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlar; ağrı kesici, ateş düşürücü ve yangı önleyici etkilerinden dolayı yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu etkilerini prostaglandinlerin sentezinden sorumlu siklooksijenaz (COX) enzimini inhibe ederek göstermektedirler. Prostaglandinler; çiftlik hayvanlarında ovaryum, uterus, plasenta ve hipofiz gibi reprodüktif açıdan önemli organlar üzerinde görevler almaktadırlar. Reprodüktif performans üzerine hem pozitif hem de negatif etki oluşturabilmektedirler. Prostaglandinlerin olumlu/olumsuz etkilerinin düzenlenmesinde en iyi seçenek nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlardır. Nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlar fertiliteyi artırmak amacıyla; suni tohumlama ve embriyo transferi sırası/sonrasında, repeat breder ineklerde uygulanabilmektedir. Aynı zamanda güç doğum olgularında, postpartum süreçte şekillenen retensiyo sekundinarum, akut septik metritis ve subklinik endometritis durumlarında da kullanılmaktadır. Sunulan derlemede, kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşan nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçların reprodüktif performansı artırmak amacıyla uygulanması hakkında yeni bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.Öğe Repeat breeder ineklerde tohumlama sonrası yapılan hormonal desteğe, laktasyon sayısı, süt verimi ve sağımda geçen gün süresinin etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2020) Alkan, Hasan; Erdem, HüseyinAmaç: Repeat breeder ineklerde tohumlama sonrası uygulanan hormonal desteğe; laktasyon sayısı, süt verimi ve sağımda geçen gün süresinin etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada; en az bir kez doğum yapmış, seksüel siklusları düzenli ve en az 3 kez tohumlandığı halde gebe kalmamış, 169 Holstein ırkı inek kullanıldı. Çalışmaya dahil edilen ineklere PGF2?+ovsynch östrus senkronizasyonu uygulandı. Sabit zamanlı tohumlanan inekler (0. gün) 4 gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruba (Grup I, Progesteron grubu, n=42) dâhil edilen ineklerin vajinalarına tohumlama sonrası 84. saatte progesteron salan intravajinal araç (PRID) yerleştirildi ve 9. günde vajinadan uzaklaştırıldı. İkinci gruba (Grup II, hCG grubu, n=40) dahil edilen ineklere 7. günde hCG kas içi uygulandı. Üçüncü grup (Grup III, Progesteron+hCG grubu, n=45) hayvanlara ise progesteron ve hCG uygulamaları kombine edildi. Dördüncü gruptaki (Grup IV, Kontrol grubu, n=42) hayvanlara herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. Bulgular: Tohumlama sonrası 30. gündeki gebe kalma oranları Grup I’de %40,47; Grup II’de %37,50; Grup III’te %44,44 ve Grup IV’te ise %30,95 olarak belirlendi (p>0,05). Laktasyon sayılarına göre Grup I dışındaki gruplarda gebe kalma oranlarında istatistiksel bir farklılık tespit edilmedi (p>0,05). Ancak tüm repeat breeder inekler değerlendirildiğinde laktasyon sayısı ?3 olan hayvanların gebe kalma oranları laktasyon sayısı 1 ve 2 olanlara göre daha düşük bulundu. Ayrıca kontrol grubundaki ineklerde süt verimleri arttıkça gebe kalma oranının düştüğü tespit edildi (p<0,05). Sağımda geçen gün sürelerine göre gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık tespit edilmedi (p>0,05). Öneri: Repeat breeder ineklerde tohumlama sonrası yapılan hormon uygulamalarında gebe kalma oranı istatistiki olarak artmamakla birlikte; hormonal destek yapılan gruplarda gebelik oranı kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek bulundu.. Ayrıca repeat breeder ineklerde laktasyon sayısı ve sağımda geçen gün sürelerinin gebelik oranını etkilemediği ancak süt verimi arttıkça gebelik oranının düştüğü belirlendi.
