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Öğe The area of cross sections and the number of myelinated axons of cranial nerves ııı, ıv and vı of adult horse(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2013) Bolat, Durmus; Bahar, Sadullah; Kurum, Aytul; Gultiken, Murat ErdemIt was aimed to determine the number of myelinated axons and the area of cross sections of oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves providing motor innervation of extrinsic muscles of the eye. The study included 3 male and 3 female adult horses. Tissue samples were taken from the part of nerve being in subarachnoid space. Paraffin blocks of tissues were prepared and cut with a rotary microtome transversely at a thickness of 4 mu m and sections were stained with Masson's trichrome. The area of cross sections was determined with Cavalieri's method and the number of myelinated axons was calculated by fractionator technique. There were no statistically significance of cross sectional areas and the number of myelinated axons of the right and the left sides, thus the data belonging to both sides were accepted as a single data (median). The areas of cross sections of oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves were calculated to be 2.647 mm(2), 0.511 mm(2) and 1.092 mm(2) and the number of myelinated axons 13.523, 2.034 and 4.151 respectively. The results of the study performed to determine the area of cross sections and the number of myelinated axons of III., IV. and VI. cranial nerves of the horse will contribute to the knowledge of this area and shed light on the studies to be conducted in the future.Öğe Histomorphometric examination of the pineal gland in foals and adult horses(ANKARA UNIV PRESS, 2018) Bolat, Durmus; Kurum, Aytul; Bahar, Sadullah; Karahan, SiyamiThis study was conducted to evaluate the pineal glands of the foal and adult horses with histomorphometry. The pineal glands were sectioned at a thickness of 40 mu m and stained with AgNOR for stereological analyses. The weight and volume of the pineal gland as well as the number of pinealocytes were significantly higher in the adult horses (P=0.009). However, the number of pinealocytes in per volume was similar between foals and adult horses. Such data indicate that growth in the size of the gland is related to increase in the number of pinealocytes. The pinealocyte nucleus is significantly larger in adults (P=0.009). Such a size difference should be further investigated if it is due to an increase in the number of cells with increased DNA content. Melanin was distributed throughout the foal pineal gland whereas it was focally localized to connective tissue in adults. The different patterns in melanin distribution suggest that foals and adult horses may differ by means of melanin metabolism in the pineal gland.Öğe The Morphology of the Os Penis in the Adult Mouse(MEDWELL ONLINE, 2010) Yildiz, Dincer; Bolat, Durmus; Karahan, SiyamiThis study focused on morphology of the os penis in adult mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). The os penis was located within the corpus cavernosum penis and extended up to the half way of the glans penis. With a close resemblance to that of the rat os penis, the shape of the mouse os penis appeared a probe-like structure. Histologically, the body of os penis was consisted of compact bone and a narrow bone marrow. Hyaline cartilage constituted the proximal end, to which the corpus cavernosum penis attached and blended with the perichondrium. A completely ossified proximal end was rarely observed. The organization of hyaline cartilage at the proximal end resembled the growth plate of the long bone. However, chondrocytes did were not well organized into columns as in the growth plate. Like in the physis of the long bone, invasion of hyperthropic chondrocyte by blood vessels originating from the underlying bone was present; however, chondrocytes embedded directly in osteoid matrix were also quite common. While the proximal end of the os penis was covered with hyaline cartilage, the distal bony end was continuous with a type of tissue varied from loose to dense connective tissue and to fibrocartilage-like tissue. At the distal bony end, newly synthesized osteoid matrix was distinguishable. Thus, the os penis in the adult mouse is a dynamic structure exhibiting continuous growth both at the proximal and distal ends.Öğe Scanning electron and light microscopic investigation of Bursa fabricius in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)(Selçuk Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi, 2010) Gultiken, Murat Erdem; Yildiz, Dincer; Karahan, Siyami; Bolat, DurmusAmaç: Hindide Bursa fabricius’un morfolojisinin belirli dönemlerde incelenmesi ve dönemlere göre morfometrik analizinin taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve ışık mikroskobu kullanılarak yapılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 1-24 haftalığa kadar toplam 50 hindiye ait Bursa fabricius’lar kullanıldı. Hayvanların ve nekropsi sonrası Bursa fabricius’ların ağırlıkları belirlendi. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile yapılacak çalışma öncesi dokular gluteraldehit ile tespit edildikten sonra mikroskop kullanılarak görüntüler elde edildi. Histolojik çalışma için dokular rutin histolojik takip sonrası Mallory’s triple ve Haematoxylen-eosin ile boyanarak ışık mikroskobu ile incelendi. Bulgular: Morfometrik veriler Bursa fabricius’un maksimum büyüklüğüne 9. haftada ulaştığını gösterdi. Dokuzuncu haftayı takiben Bursa fabricius ağırlığındaki azalma hindide involusyonun bu dönemi takiben şekillenmeye başladığını gösterdi. Taramalı elektron mikroskop ile yapılan incelemelerde Bursa fabricius lumenine uzanan plica yüzeylerindeki kubbe şeklindeki epitel görüntüsünün 5. ve 9. haftalarda en belirgin ve düzgün olarak tespit edildi. İlerleyen haftalarda (13. ve 24.) Bu manzarada dikkat çekici bir düzensizlik gözlendi. Öneri: Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulguların, ilerde yapılacak çalışmalara ve hindi aşılama programlarına katkı yapacağı düşünülmektedir.Öğe The Segmental Morphometric Properties of the Horse Cervical Spinal Cord: A Study of Cadaver(HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION, 2013) Bahar, Sadullah; Bolat, Durmus; Selcuk, Muhammet LutfiAlthough the cervical spinal cord (CSC) of the horse has particular importance in diseases of CNS, there is very little information about its segmental morphometry. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric features of the CSC segments in the horse and possible relationships among the morphometric features. The segmented CSC from five mature animals was used. Length, weight, diameter, and volume measurements of the segments were performed macroscopically. Lengths and diameters of segments were measured histologically, and area and volume measurements were performed using stereological methods. The length, weight, and volume of the CSC were 61.6 +/- 3.2 cm, 107.2 +/- 10.4 g, and 95.5 +/- 8.3 cm(3), respectively. The length of the segments was increased from C-1 to C-3, while it decreased from C-3 to C-8. The gross section (GS), white matter (WM), grey matter (GM), dorsal horn (DH), and ventral horn (VH) had the largest cross-section areas at C-8. The highest volume was found for the total segment and WM at C-4, GM, DH, and VH at C-7, and the central canal (CC) at C-3. The data obtained not only contribute to the knowledge of the normal anatomy of the CSC but may also provide reference data for veterinary pathologists and clinicians.Öğe Selective gray and white matter staining of the horse spinal cord(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2012) Bolat, Durmus; Bahar, Sadullah; Sur, Emrah; Selcuk, Muhammet L.; Tipirdamaz, SadettinThe ratio of gray and white matter is an important clinical parameter in the diagnosis of diffuse and compressive diseases of the spinal cord. Although histological methods are used to determine this parameter, there are some difficulties encountered in histological studies related to tissue size. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible modifications to overcome these difficulties. In the study, nine tissue samples taken from the C6 segment of a female Shetland pony and selected by systematic random sampling were used. The dehydration process of the spinal cord of the horse was supported by applying a vacuum. Paraffin blocks were prepared and cut into 10 pm sections to be stained separately with the different staining methods. Six different staining methods, including Modified May - Grunwald - Giemsa (MMGG), were compared and used to image entire slides. The stains, Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG), Masson's trichrome (MT), AgNORs, Kluver Barrera (KB) and MMGG, were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically by participants who were unaware of which staining methods had been used. The staining methods were scored from worst (1) to best (5) using a Likert scale. Vacuum application was found to reduce the difficulties related to inadequate tissue dehydration. MMGG was selected as the best staining method in differentiating gray and white matter in the spinal cord of the horse.Öğe Two- and Three-Dimensional Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses in Arabian Foals(JAPAN SOC VET SCI, 2014) Bahar, Sadullah; Bolat, Durmus; Dayan, Mustafa Orhun; Paksoy, YahyaThe 2- and 3-dimensional (3D) anatomy and the morphometric properties of the paranasal sinuses of the foal have received little or no attention in the literature. The aim of this study was to obtain details of the paranasal sinuses using multiplane CT imaging to create 3D models and to determine morphological and morphometric data for the sinuses using the 3D models. The heads of five female foals were used in this study. The heads were scanned using computed tomography (CT) in the rostrocaudal direction. After the heads had been frozen, anatomical sections were obtained in the scan position. The 3D models of sinuses and the skull were prepared using MIMICS (R). These models were used to assess the surface area and volume of the sinuses, the width, height and orientation of the apertures connecting these sinuses and finally the planar relation of the sinuses with the skull. The right and left sides of all anatomical structures, except the sphenoid sinuses, had symmetric organization on CT images and anatomical sections. The total sinus surface area and volume on both sides were 214.4 cm(2) and 72.9 ml, respectively. The largest and the smallest sinuses were the frontal sinus (41.5 ml) and the middle conchal sinus (0.2 ml), respectively. It was found that the planes bounding the sinuses passed through easily palpable points on the head. In conclusion, 3D modeling in combination with conventional sectional imaging of the paranasal sinuses of the foal may help anatomists, radiologists, clinicians and veterinary students.Öğe The use of optical fractionator to estimate the total number of ependymal cells of the spinal cord in leghorn(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2012) Bolat, Durmus; Tipirdamaz, SadettinThe aim of this study was to estimate the number of ependymal cells in the spinal cord of Leghorn chicks using optical fractionator technique. Forty weeks old six female and six male Leghorn were used. Animals were anesthetized by administration of xylazineketamine combination and euthanasia was carried out. Saline solution was administered to the animals for draining blood completely from the body. Ten percent formalin saline solution was used as a fixative. Decalcification was performed on dissected vertebral columns using Trichloroacetic acid. Spinal cords were removed from vertebral columns and measured. All cords were cut 1 cm in length, 10 and 11 systematic random sampled tissue samples with a sampling ratio of 1/3 were taken from females and males respectively. One transversal section was taken from each of tissue samples at the thickness of 10 mu m. Optical fractionator was performed on sections to estimate the total number of ependymal cells in the cord. It was found that male Leghorns had more ependymal cells than female Leghorns. The maximum number of ependymal cells was found in the caudal part whereas the minimum number of cells was observed in cervical part of the spinal cord in female. Male animals showed a homogeneous distribution of the ependymal cells. It was thought that sex difference must be considered in studies on spinal cord of Leghorn.
