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    Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus biofilms in the dairy industry: effects of surface material, incubation temperature and milk type
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2019) Karaca B.; Buzrul S.; Coleri Cihan A.
    Anoxybacillus (A. flavithermus, A. kamchatkensis subsp. asachharedens, A. caldiproteolyticus and A. tepidamans) and Geobacillus (two strains of G. thermodenitrificans, G. thermoglucosidans and G. vulcanii) isolates and reference strains in whole milk were evaluated for their biofilm production on six different abiotic surfaces. G. thermodenitrificans DSM 465T had the highest cell counts (>4 log10 CFU cm?2) on glass and stainless steel (SS) at 55 and 65 °C, respectively. G. thermodenitrificans D195 had the highest counts on SS at 55 °C (>5 log10 CFU cm?2) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at 65 °C (>4 log10 CFU cm?2), indicating the existence of strain variation. The ideal surfaces for all strains were SS and glass at 55 °C, but their preferences were polystyrene and SS at 65 °C. Moreover, Anoxybacillus members were more prone to form biofilms in skim milk than in semi-skim and whole milk, whereas the results were the opposite for Geobacillus. Both the attachment and sporulation of Geobacillus in whole milk was higher than in semi-skim or skim milk. This study proposes that the surface material, temperature and milk type had a cumulative effect on biofilm formation. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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    Inhibition and eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm using P22 bacteriophage, EDTA and nisin
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2018) Yüksel F.N.; Buzrul S.; Akçelik M.; Akçelik N.
    P22 phage >10 5 PFU ml ?1 could be used to inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm formation by 55–80%. Concentrations of EDTA >1.25 mM and concentrations of nisin >1,200 µg ml ?1 were also highly effective in reducing S. Typhimurium biofilm formation (?96% and ?95% reductions were observed, respectively). A synergistic effect was observed when EDTA and nisin were combined whereas P22 phage in combination with nisin had no synergistic impact on biofilm formation. Triple combination of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin could be also used to inhibit biofilm formation (?93.2%) at a low phage titer (10 2 PFU ml ?1 ), and low EDTA (1.25 mM) and nisin (9.375 µg ml ?1 ) concentrations. A reduction of 70% in the mature biofilm was possible when 10 7 PFU ml ?1 of P22 phage, 20 mM of EDTA and 150 ?g ml ?1 of nisin were used in combination. This study revealed that it could be possible to reduce biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium by the use of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin, either alone or in combination. Although, removal of the mature biofilm was more difficult, the triple combination could be successfully used for mature biofilm of S. Typhimurium. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.