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Öğe COMPARATIVE HISTOMETRICAL STUDY OF THE CEREBELLUM AND THE DETERMINATION OF SOME AgNOR PARAMETERS IN DIFFERENT AVIAN SPECIES(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2011) Sur, Emrah; Oznurlu, Yasemin; Ozaydin, Tugba; Colakoglu, Fatma; Unsal, Sadettin; Yener, YesimThe study was carried out to determine some characteristics of silver stained nucleolus organising regions (AgNOR parameters) of the Purkinje cells and structural differences of the cortex, if any, in the cerebellum of turkeys, ducks, pigeons, and starlings. The thickness of the molecular and granular layer at the summit of the folia was the highest in pigeons, whereas the highest value of the molecular and granular layer was determined at the deep of the folia in turkeys. The highest number of Purkinje cells per unit scale was observed in pigeons and starlings. The mean sizes of the Purkinje cells were greater in turkeys than in other species. The mean area of the Purkinje cell nucleus, AgNOR area and AgNOR counts were found to be higher in turkeys. However, there was no difference in the mean ratio of AgNOR area to Purkinje cell nucleous area among the species. In conclusion, it seems that the results obtained from this study could be of particular interest to comparative biologists and physiologists.Öğe A Comparative Morphometrical Study of the Pecten Oculi in Different Avian Species(HINDAWI LTD, 2013) Dayan, Mustafa Orhun; Ozaydin, TugbaIn this study was investigated the structure of pecten oculi in the ostrich, duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling. The pecten oculi of the ostrich was vaned type and made up primary, secondary, and few tertiary lamellae. However, duck, pigeon, turkey and starling had a pleated-type pecten oculi which displayed folded structure. The numbers of pleats of the pectens were 12, 13-14, 21-22, and 17 in duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling, respectively. Light microscopic investigation demonstrated that pecten oculi is basically composed of numerous capillaries, large blood vessels, and pigment cells in all investigating avian species. Capillaries were 20.23, 14.34, 11.78, 12.58, and 12.78 mu m in diameter in ostrich, duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling, respectively. The capillaries are surrounded by thick basal membrane, and pigmented cells were observed around the capillaries.Öğe Determination of the activity of alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase of peripheral blood lymphocytes in healty pregnant merino sheep(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2013) Sur, Emrah; Aydin, Ibrahim; Oznurlu, Yasemin; Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, Ilhami; Kadiralieva, NaristeThis study was performed to determine the effects of pregnancy on the activities of alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in pregnant Merino sheep. Peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages were also estimated. Periferal blood samples were taken from animals in six different gestational stages as non-pregnant control, in the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth month of pregnancy. Each group was contained 20 animals. The lowest ANAE (+) lymphocytes percentage (63.5%) was determined in the first month of pregnancy whereas the highest null lymphocytes proportion (12.75%) was detected in the same gestational period. There were statistically decreases in the proportions of peripheral blood lymphocyte (42.9%) and the ACP-ase (+) lymphocytes (43.35%) in the last gestational stages. Although the posibble hormonal changes may cause the fluctuation of peripheral blood lymphocyte proportions in all gestational periods, the most distinctive changes were observed at the begining and at the end of the pregnancy. It was concluded that the data was obtained from this study was useful for understanding of the possible mechanisms of maternal tolerance.Öğe Determination of the Stages of the Sexual Cycle of the Bitch by Direct Examination(MEDWELL ONLINE, 2011) Aydin, Ibrahim; Sur, Emrah; Ozaydin, Tugba; Dinc, Dursun AliThe aim of this study was to determine the stages of the sexual cycle of the bitch by direct examination and also to assess the reliability of this new technique by comparing it with the classical staining techniques used in bitches. Forty mixed-breed bitches, of different ages and sexually mature were used in this study. A total of 120 vaginal smear samples were collected using a cotton swab, three from each bitch. The collected samples were air dried and coded. One of the prepared samples from each bitch was stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa and the second sample was stained with Papanicolaou. The third sample was left unstained for direct examination. The stages of the sexual cycle were determined using all of the samples. The researcher who evaluated the samples did not have information about the coding system. The evaluation was made blindly and the results were compared after determination of the stages of the sexual cycle from all of the samples. The sexual cycle stages determined with the May-Grunwald Giemsa and Papanicolaou techniques were completely consistent with each other. However, when the direct examination technique was compared with the classical staining techniques, there was a significant difference in the proestrus, diestrus and anestrus stages of the cycle (p<0.05) while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the estrus stage of the cycle. In conclusion, it was found that when determining the stages of the sexual cycle of the bitch by vaginal cytology, the direct examination technique was reliable only in detecting the estrus stage of the cycle.Öğe The distribution of pas-positive uterine natural killer (unk) cells in the decidua basalis of pregnant mice(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2015) Sur, Emrah; Oznurlu, Yasemin; Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, Ilhami; Aydin, Ibrahim; Kadyralieva, NaristeThis study was carried out to determine the distribution of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells having periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) positive granules in the decidua basalis in pregnant mice. For this purpose, mice at 12-14 weeks of age were divided into four groups as nonpregnant control, and at the middle of the first, second, and the third week of the pregnancy, corresponding to early, middle, and late (3rd, 10th, and 17th days of pregnancy) gestational stages respectively (n=6 for each group). After placentation, it was identified four different regions as metrial region (MLAp; mesometrial lymphoid aggregate of pregnancy), decidua basalis, junctional zone and labyrinth zone in mice. It was observed trophoblast giant cells between decidua basalis and junctional zone. The number of PAS-positive uNK cells was found as 5 in 10.000 mu m(2) in endometrium of control animals while it was determined as 26.5 number/10.000 mu m(2) in decidua basalis at early gestational period. The highest PAS-positive uNK cell numbers (56 number/10.000 mu m(2)) were detected at the mid-gestational period in decidua basalis. uNK cells were also observed in the lumen of the maternal blood vessels. In mesometrial region, the dilatation of maternal blood vessels and thinning of the media layer was distinct. It was concluded that the number and the distribution of the uNK cells having periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) positive granules was affected by pregnancy.Öğe Effects of High Incubation Temperature on the Body Weight and Yolk Consumption of Two Commercial Broiler Strain(UNIV FED RIO GRANDE DO SUL, 2014) Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, IlhamiBackground: Temperature is the most important factor controlling embryonic development. Hyper-and hypothermic effects depend on the degree of temperature, duration of exposure and the stage of the development. From the middle of incubation period, embryo temperature is greater than air temperature of the incubator because of the increased metabolic activity. Thus elevated temperature especially in the second half of incubation has a major impact on hatchability and chick quality. The aim of this work was to investigate and compare the effects of high incubation temperature applied from the 10th day to the end of incubation on the body weight and yolk consumption of Ross 308 and Hybro embryos. Materials, Methods & Results: In the experiment, a total of 500 eggs, 250 fertile eggs from each of Hybro and Ross 308 broiler strains were used. The eggs of each strain were weighed and then divided into 2 groups as control and high incubation temperature exposed (heat-stress) groups. The control eggs of both strains were maintained under optimal conditions (incubation temperature: 37.8 degrees C) during the whole incubation period, whereas heat stress imposed eggs were maintained under 37.8 degrees C until the 10th day of incubation and then continuously exposed to high temperature (38.8 degrees C) in the incubator. Other environmental conditions were standardized. At the 11, 13, 15, 18, 20 and 21st days of incubation, randomly sampled eggs from each group were opened until 10 living embryos were obtained from each group. The embryos and their yolk sacs were weighted at the 11, 13, 15, 18 and 20th of incubation and chick weight with yolk sac were determined on hatching day (d 21 of incubation) of the groups. Mean relative embryo weights [(embryo weight/egg weight at setting) x 100] and relative yolk sac weights [(yolk sac weight/egg weight at setting) x 100] of each groups were calculated. In both strain, the heat stress group had a significantly lower yolk-free embryo weight than the control group. However relative yolk weights in heat-stress groups were found to be significantly higher when compared to those in the control groups. There was no significant difference between mean embryo and yolk sac weights of the control groups both strains, except for embryo weight at 20th d of incubation. We also observed that the chicks were heavier at the day of hatch in heat-stress groups than the control groups. Discussion: These observations suggest that high incubation temperature (38.8 degrees C) from the 10th of incubation decreased yolk consumption and depressed mean embryonic weights. Maternal antibodies are passively transferred from the hen to the offspring through the yolk and albumin. Therefore decreased consumption of the yolk due to high incubation temperature will not only affect the body weight, but may also negatively affect the immune status of the newly hatched chick. We also observed that body weight of the chicks at the hatch day was higher in the heat-stress group of both strains in comparison to their controls. Greater amounts of remaining of unused yolk in the heat-stress groups may be responsible for this difference. Results of the present study have revealed that the efforts to increase the body weight of broilers should not be limited to management and care at post hatch period, incubation factors affecting the performance should be determined and taken necessary precautions.Öğe Histological and Histochemical Evaluations on the Effects of High Incubation Temperature on the Embryonic Development of Tibial Growth Plate in Broiler Chickens(WILEY, 2016) Oznurlu, Yasemin; Sur, Emrah; Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, Ilhami; Uluisik, DenizThe effects of experimentally induced high incubation temperature on the embryonic development of growth plate of the chicken were investigated by means of histological and enzyme histochemical methods. In the experiments, 250 fertile eggs of Ross-308 broiler strain were divided into two groups, the control eggs were maintained under optimal conditions (37.8 degrees C and 65% +/- 62% relative humidity, rh) during the whole incubation period. Heat-stress imposed eggs were maintained under normal conditions (37.88C and 65% 62% rh) until the 10th day of incubation, and then, continuously (24 h per day) exposed to high temperature (38.8 degrees C and 65% +/- 62% rh). Tissue samples were taken from 10 animals of each group at the 11th, 13th, 15th, 18th, 21st days of incubation. Tissue samples were processed by enzyme histochemical methods in addition to routine histological techniques. The relative tibia weights and tibia length were lower in the heat-stress group compared to the control group. The results of the measurements of the growth plate showed that the proliferative zone was narrowed whereas, the transitional and hypertrophic zone were thickened in the heat stress group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) density was significantly decreased in the heat-stress group compared to the control group. In conclusion, bone formation and growth plate formation are crucial for embryo development and 1 degrees C higher from optimum may increase the incidence of skeletal disorders and leg problems in broiler chickens which is one of the major animal welfare concerns for the poultry industry. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79: 106-110, 2016. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe Histological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Investigations on the Developing Small Intestines of Broiler Embryos(Medwell Online, 2012) Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, IlhamiThe aim of the present study was to investigate comparatively embryonic development of the small intestine in two boiler strains by means of histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In the experiments, 125 fertile eggs from each of two commercial broiler strains were used. On the days 11, 13, 15, 18, 20 and 21 of incubation, intestinal tissue samples were taken from 10 live embryos of each strain. Rapid histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical changes occurred in the small intestine during the investigation period. Although, the intestinal villi were rudimentary and uniform on the days 11, 13 and 15, they were at different developmental stages on the days 18, 20 and 21 of incubation. Mucin containing goblet cells first appeared at 13th day of incubation. Majority of the goblet cells contained acidic mucin at 18th day of incubation. Goblet cell density increased on the days 20 and 21 of incubation. Enteroendocrine cells were first seen at 13th day of incubation. Their number was 1-4 in the majority of the villi on the day 18 of incubation and remained relatively constant thereafter. Most of the villous epithelial cells were proliferative cells. A few apoptotic cells were also observed towards the apex of the villi on the days 20 and 21 of incubation. Intestinal development patterns of both strains were quite similar. When considering the importance of embryonic development of small intestines to the chick growth and development, the data may contribute to comparative studies on the performance traits of these broiler strains.Öğe Immunohistochemical Distribution of Heat Shock Protein 70 and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Mouse Placenta at Different Gestational Stages(WILEY, 2016) Ozaydin, Tugba; Sur, Emrah; Oznurlu, Yasemin; Celik, Ilhami; Uluisik, DenizThe aim of the present study was to investigate immunohistochemical distribution of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the mouse placenta at different gestational stages. For this purpose a total of 18 Swiss albino female mice at 12-14 weeks of age were used. Females were sacrificed on days 3 (early), 10 (mid-), and 17 (late) of pregnancy and the implantation sites of the pregnant uterus were sampled. The sections were made transversely through the central region of the implantation site and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. PCNA and Hsp70 was stained immunohistochemically. Since the definitive placenta was not still formed on day 3 of pregnancy, Hsp70 and PCNA positivity were evaluated in only luminal epithelium and decidual-stromal cells. On days 10 and 17 of pregnancy, Hsp70 and PCNA positivity were evaluated in labyrinth zone, junctional zone and decidual layer of placenta. Hsp70 expression was observed trophoblast cells and decidual cells and was relatively constant throughout the pregnancy. This protein was strongly labeled in the trophoblast cells; while decidual cells were displayed moderate staining. In early pregnant mouse uteri, PCNA was mainly localized in decidual-stromal cells. The trophoblast cells and decidual cells displayed highly proliferative activity at the midgestational period. However there was a significant decrease in the percentage of PCNA positive cells in late gestation. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe The proportion and the distribution of t-lymphocytes, null lymphocytes and acid phosphatase positive lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and endometrium in pregnant mice(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2014) Sur, Emrah; Oznurlu, Yasemin; Ozaydin, Tugba; Celik, Ilhami; Aydin, Ibrahim; Kadiralieva, NaristeThis study was performed to determine the effects of pregnancy on the proportion of T-lymphocytes, null lymphocytes and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and the distribution of the mentioned cells in the decidua basalis region of endometrium in the pregnant mice. For this purpose, mice at 12-14 weeks of age were divided into four groups as non-pregnant control, and at the middle of the first, second, and the third week of the pregnancy, corresponding to early, middle, and late (3rd, 10th, and 17th days of pregnancy) gestational stages respectively (n = 6 for each group). The lowest T-lymphocytes percentage was determined at early and middle pregnancy in the peripheral blood (43.83%) and decidua basalis (10.83 number/0.1 mm(2)), respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in the proportions of the peripheral blood ACP-ase (+) lymphocytes (44.33%) at the mid-gestational period while the lowest ACP-ase positive lymphocyte numbers (5.50 number/0.1 mm(2)) in the decidua basalis was observed at early pregnancy. The highest null cell rates were found at early gestation either in the peripheral blood (11.50%) or in the decidua basalis (7.83 umber/0.1 mm(2)). The lowest percentage of peripheral blood lymphocyte (56.00%) was recorded at the early pregnancy. It was concluded that the number and the distribution of the lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, null lymphocyte, and ACP-ase positive lymphocyte were affected by pregnancy although there were some differences among the gestational periods.Öğe A STUDY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN HEDGEHOGS IN TURKEY(AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS, 2011) Ozparlak, Haluk; Celik, Ilhami; Sur, Emrah; Ozaydin, Tugba; Arslan, AtillaThe aim of this study was to determine diameters of blood cells, differential counts of peripheral blood leukocytes, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) activity of some leukocyte types, and enzymatic positivity percentages of peripheral blood lymphocytes in two hedgehogs species, Hemiechinus auritus, the long-eared hedgehog, and Erinaceus concolor, the southern white-breasted hedgehog. Air-dried peripheral blood smears were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain. ANAE and ACP-ase were stained in glutaraldehyde-acetone-fixed smears. ANAE-positive lymphocytes displayed a dot-like positivity pattern characterized with 1-5 reddish brown cytoplasmic granules, whereas ACP-ase positive lymphocytes displayed a dot-like positivity pattern characterized with 1-3 pinkish cytoplasmic granules. Monocytes gave a diffuse and strong reaction while neutrophils displayed a weak positive reaction for ANAE and ACP-ase. No difference was observed in mean diameters of peripheral blood cells of these species. It was found that lymphocytes made up the majority (64.3% and 65.5%) of leukocytes, followed by neutrophils (23.9% and 23.3%), eosinophils (9.0% and 7.6%), monocytes (1.8% and 2.3%), and basophils (1.0% and 1.3%) in H. auritus and E. concolor, respectively. Mean ANAE positivity of lymphocytes was 36.6% and 51.3% and ACP-ase positivity was 32.1% and 37.5% for H. auritus and E. concolor, respectively. The ANAE positivity of lymphocytes in E. concolor was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of H. auritus.
