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Öğe The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2019) Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Khan, Haroon; Gowrishankar, Shanmugaraj; Lagoa, Ricardo J. L.; Mahomoodally, Fawzi M.; Khan, Ziyad; Suroowan, Shanoo; Tewari, Devesh; Zengin, Gökhan; Hassan, Sherif T.S.; Pandian, Shunmugiah KaruthaFlavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds which are included in a panoply of drugs and used to treat and/or manage human ailments such as metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological disorders and cancer. Thus, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of flavonoids for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and put into the limelight of the scientific community several health-promoting effects of flavonoids which could be beneficial for the development of novel drugs from natural products. Despite available reviews on flavonoids targeting various disease conditions, a comprehensive review of flavonoids for autoimmune diseases is still lacking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to review the potential of flavonoids for autoimmune diseases. The structure-activity relationship of flavonoids in this review revealed that the rearrangement and introduction of other functional groups into the basic skeleton of flavonoids might lead to the development of new drugs which will be helpful in relieving the painful symptoms of various autoimmune diseases. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.): A systematic review(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2019) Teshika, Joaheer D.; Zakariyyah, Aumeeruddy M.; Zaynab, Toorabally; Zengin, Gökhan; Rengasamy, Kannan R. R.; Pandian, Shunmugiah Karutha; Fawzi, Mahomoodally MohamadOnion, (Allium cepa L.), is one of the most consumed and grown vegetable crops in the world. Onion bulb, with its characteristic flavor, is the third most essential horticultural spice with a substantial commercial value. Apart from its culinary virtues, A. cepa is also used traditionally for its medicinal virtues in a plethora of indigenous cultures. Several publications have been produced in an endeavor to validate such traditional claims. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of up-to-date, detailed compilation, and critical analysis of the traditional and ethnopharmacological propensities of A. cepa. The present review, therefore, aims to systematically review published literature on the traditional uses, pharmacological properties, and phytochemical composition of A. cepa. A. cepa was found to possess a panoply of bioactive compounds and numerous pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and immunoprotective effects. Although a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified which need to be addressed in future studies.