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Öğe Exploring chemical profiles and bioactivities of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. leaves and stem bark extracts: A new source of procyanidins(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2020) Liorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Ruiz-Riaguas, Alba; Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Bene, Kouadio; Cordova, Maria Luisa Fernandez-de; Picot-Allain, Carene; Mahomoodally, Fawzi Mohamad; Saleem, Hammad; Zengin, GökhanThis study attempts to valorize the multiple pharmacological properties of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir., also known as dragon's blood tree, with wide applications in African traditional medicine. The antioxidant and inhibitory activity of H. madagascariensis leaves and stem bark extracts (ethyl acetate, aqueous extracts, and methanol) against enzymes related to diabetes (alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase), epidermal hyperpigmentation problems (tyrosinase), and Alzheimer's disease (acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase) were evaluated. The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS), observing the presence of procyanidins and flavonoids, particularly in the leaves' extracts. The radical scavenging and reducing power of H. madagascariensis leaves' extracts were greater than the stem bark extracts. The methanol extracts of leaves (4.61 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g extract) and stem bark (4.68 mg galantamine (GALAE)/g extract) of H. madagascariensis inhibited acetyl cholinesterase. Methanol extracts (153.55 and 147.07 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g extract, for leaves and stem bark extracts, respectively) of H. madagascariensis showed high tyrosinase inhibition. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed. The observed pharmacological effects of H. madagascariensis support that this plant may be a promising candidate for the development of novel pharmacophores for the treatment of diabetes, epidermal hyperpigmentation problems, Alzheimer's disease, and other oxidative-stress-related complications.Öğe In vitro biological propensities and chemical profiling of Euphorbia milii Des Moul (Euphorbiaceae): A novel source for bioactive agents(ELSEVIER, 2019) Saleem, Hammad; Zengin, Gökhan; Locatelli, Marcello; Mollica, Adriano; Ahmad, Irshad; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Abidin, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal; Ahemad, NafeesThe plants of Euphorbia genus have been extensively studied for their nutritive and therapeutic purposes. The present research is the foremost effort to investigate and compare the biological activities and chemical composition of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) solvent extracts of Euphorbia milii Des Moul aerial and root parts. Antioxidant potential was determined using six different (FRAP, CUPRAC, Phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS and ferrous chelation) methods. The enzyme inhibition effects of the tested extracts were evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and tyrosinase. Similarly, the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed via spectrophotometric methods and individual secondary metabolites were also determined using UHPLC-MS analysis. Methanolic extracts from both aerial and root parts contained the highest contents for phenolic and flavonoids which tends to correlate with their significant DPPH, ABTS (radical scavenging), FRAP, CUPRAC (reducing power) and alpha-glucosidase inhibition potentials. While, both the DCM extracts containing the lowest bioactive contents were most active in the phosphomolybdenum assay, cholinesterases and tyrosinase inhibition. The root extracts proved to be a better source of bioactive antioxidant molecules. Additionally, UHPLC-MS profiling of both the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of total 16 secondary metabolites belonging to five major groups (phenolic, flavonoid, coumarin, glycoside and alkaloid). To conclude, our results suggest that E. milii can be considered as a promising lead origin for natural bioactive enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant compounds which could pave the way for industrial applications.Öğe Multidirectional insights into the biochemical and toxicological properties of Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy.) aerial parts: A functional approach for bioactive compounds(ELSEVIER, 2019) Saleem, Hammad; Zengin, Gökhan; Ahmad, Irshad; Lee, Joash Tan Ban; Htar, Thet Thet; Mahomoodally, Fawzi M.; Naidu, Rakesh; Ahemad, NafeesThe current research work was conducted in order to probe into the biochemical and toxicological characterisation of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy.) aerial parts. Biological fingerprints were assessed for in vitro antioxidant, key enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxicity potential. Total bioactive contents were determined spectrophotometrically and the secondary metabolite components of methanol extract was assessed by UHPLC mass spectrometric analysis. The antioxidant capabilities were evaluated via six different in vitro antioxidant assays namely DPPH, ABTS (free radical scavenging), FRAP, CUPRAC (reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity) and ferrous chelating activity. Inhibition potential against key enzymes urease, alpha-glucosidase and cholinesterases were also determined. Methanol extract exhibited higher phenolic (24.01 mg GAE/g extract) as well as flavonoid (41.51 mg QE/g extract) contents. Phytochemical profiling of methanol extract identified a total of twenty secondary metabolites and the major compounds belonged to flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloid derivatives. The findings of antioxidant assays revealed the methanol extract to exhibit stronger antioxidant (except phosphomolybdenum) activities. Similarly, the methanol extract showed highest butyrylcholinesterase and urease inhibition. The DCM extract was most active for phosphomolybdenum and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays. Moreover, both extracts exhibited significant cytotoxic potential against five (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, CaSki, DU-145, and SW-480) human carcinoma cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 22.09 to 257.2 mu g/mL. Results from the present study highlighted the potential of B. glabra aerial extracts to be further explored in an endeavour to discover novel phytotherapeutics as well as functional ingredients. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Pharmacological, phytochemical and in-vivo toxicological perspectives of a xero-halophyte medicinal plant: Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffrey(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2019) Saleem, Hammad; Zengin, Gökhan; Locatelli, Marcello; Ahmad, Irshad; Khaliq, Saharish; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Hussain, Riaz; Rengasamy, Kannan R.R.; Mollica, Adriano; Zainal Abidin, Syafiq Asnawi; Ahemad, NafeesThis study endeavours to investigate the phytochemical composition, biological properties and in vivo toxicity of methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffrey. Total bioactive contents, antioxidant (phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating, DPPH, ARTS, FRAP and CUPRAC) and enzyme inhibition (cholinesterases, tyrosinase alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase) potential were assessed utilizing in vitro bioassays. UHPLC-MS phytochemical profiling was carried out to identify the essential compounds. The methanol extract was found to contain highest phenolic (22.60 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (31.49 mg QE/g) contents which correlate with its most significant radical scavenging, reducing potential and tyrosinase inhibition. The dichloromethane extract was most potent for phosphomolybdenum, ferrous chelation, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and cholinesterase inhibition assays. UHPLC-MS analysis of methanol extract unveiled to identify 11 secondary metabolites belonging to five sub-groups, i.e., phenolic, alkaloid, carbohydrate, terpenoid, and fatty acid derivatives. Additionally, in vivo toxicity was conducted for 21 days and the methanol extract at different doses (150, 200, 250 and 300 mg/kg) was administered in experimental chicks divided into five groups each containing five individuals. Different physical, haematological and biochemical parameters along with the absolute and relative weight of visceral body organs were studied. Overall, no toxic effect was noted for the extract at tested doses.Öğe Phenolic profiling and in vitro biological properties of two Lamiaceae species (Salvia modesta and Thymus argaeus): A comprehensive evaluation(ELSEVIER, 2019) Zengin, Gökhan; Atasagun, Bayram; Aumeeruddy, Muhammad Zakariyyah; Saleem, Hammad; Mollica, Adriano; Bahadori, Mir Babak; Mahomoodally, Mohamad FawziThe genus Salvia and Thymus have gained much popularity as an alternative therapy in Turkish folk medicine for abdominal pain, cold, nausea, among others. Nonetheless, some species are yet to be further explored for their bioactivities. We investigated the biological activities of 3 extracts (dichloromethane, methanol, and water (decoction)) of Salvia modesta Boiss. and Thymus argaeus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Boiss. & Balansa. based on antioxidant and enzyme inhibition along with the determination of polyphenolic content. Antioxidant potential was assessed using six assays namely: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating. Moreover, enzyme inhibition activities of the extracts were studied against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase. Results revealed that the decoction of both plants was the strongest antioxidants. The methanol extracts displayed the highest tyrosinase inhibition while the dichloromethane extracts of both plants were the most effective butyrylcholinesterase and a-glucosidase inhibitors. In addition, the total phenolic and total flavonoid content was highest in the decoction and methanolic extract of Thymus argaeus, respectively. The most abundant phenolic compound was rosmarinic acid (6574 mu g/g and 5390 mu g/g in T. argaeus and S. modesta methanolic extracts, respectively). PASS prediction analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid showed the highest Pa value for antioxidant activity (0.809) including the mechanism of free radical scavenging (0.856), while rosmarinic acid showed the highest Pa value (0.798) for antidiabetic activity. To conclude, both Salvia modesta and Thymus argaeus can be regarded as new sources of antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors to manage oxidative stress and their complications.Öğe Phytochemical composition and in vitro pharmacological investigations of Neurada procumbens L. (Neuradaceae): A multidirectional approach for industrial products(ELSEVIER, 2019) Khurshid, Umair; Ahmad, Saeed; Saleem, Hammad; Nawaz, Hafiz Awais; Zengin, Gökhan; Locatelli, Marcello; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Zainal Abidin, Syafiq Asnawi; Tousif, Muhammad Imran; Ahemad, NafeesThe plants of genus Neurada have been utilized for medicinal purposes. This study probed into the biological propensities and endeavored to achieve the detailed phytochemical profile, via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography -UHPLC-MS analysis and high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array -HPLC-PDA of different polarity extracts (methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol) of Nevada procumbens L. The biological features were studied by determining the antioxidant potential via 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid -ABTS, ferric reducing antioxidant power -FRAP, cupric reducing antioxidant power -CUPRAC, phoshomolybdenum and metal chelation assays and clinically significant major enzymes (cholinesterases, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibition). Moreover, the correlation among the biological activities and total bioactive contents of the extracts were studied via multivariate statistical analysis. The methanol and n-butanol extracts revealed the presence of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in highest concentrations which tend to correlate with their maximum anti-oxidant capacities for radical scavenging and reducing power assays. The n-hexane extract was most active in the phosphomolybdenum assays whereas the chloroform extracts showed the highest metal chelation potential. The UHPLC-MS phytochemical profiling of the methanolic extract (both positive and negative ionization mode) revealed the existence of eighteen phytochemicals representing four different classes (phenolics, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, and alkaloids). The n-butanol extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase (4.10 mg galantamine equivalent -GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (127.65 mg kojic acid equivalent -KAE/g) significantly as compared to the control. The n-hexane extract exhibited highest inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase (1.93 mg GALAE/g) and alpha-glucosidase (59.0 mmol acarbose equivalent -ACAE/g), while chloroform extract exhibited prominent inhibitory action inimical to alpha-amylase (0.65 mmol ACAE/g). Overall, it was observed that FRAP and tyrosinase activities were the most contributive biological activities for the formation of first component with p values of 0.018 and 0.023, respectively, whereas, for the formation of second component, glucosidase activity was the most contributive assay with p value of 0.002. It can be concluded that the manifestation of dynamic phytochemicals with multi-pharmacological potential marks N. procumbens as a prospective origin of health-promoting molecules warrants further exploration as a unique therapeutic medicinal plant.Öğe Phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological properties and in silico studies on Caragana ambigua stocks (Fabaceae): A comprehensive approach(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Khan, Saima; Nazir, Mamona; Raiz, Naheed; Saleem, Muhammad; Zengin, Gökhan; Fazal, Gazala; Saleem, Hammad; Mukhtar, Mahreen; Tousif, Muhammad Imran; Tareen, Rasool Baksh; Abdallah, Hassan Hadi; Mahomoodally, Fawzi MohamedPlant from Caragana genus have interesting potential in folklore medicines and have been explored for various pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to probe into the chemical and biological effects of different extracts of Caragana ambigua Stocks (Fabaceae). Total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods, whereas, the secondary metabolites composition was established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant potential was estimated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating assays and the enzyme (cholinesterases, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase) inhibition potential were also assessed. Moreover, in silico docking studies were performed to highlight possible interactions between three major secondary metabolites and the tested enzymes. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher phenolic (85.87 +/- 2.96 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (66.45 +/- 0.37 mg RE/g) contents, which, we propose, are responsible for its higher radical scavenging, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase inhibition. The n-hexane extract showed stronger anti-cholinesterase and anti-diabetic property. Similarly, UHPLC-MS profiling of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts identified the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and coumarin derivatives. Three of the dominant compounds (isobergaptene, jujubasaponin IV and phellodensin D), were docked against all enzymes and their affinity were compared. Among these compounds, phellodensin D showed highest affinity towards all the studied enzymes. It is therefore, concluded that extracts from C. ambigua showed potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential with potent bioactive molecules which could open new industrial applications.Öğe Valorization of the antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and phytochemical propensities of Berberis calliobotrys Bien. ex Koehne: A multifunctional approach to probe for bioactive natural products(ELSEVIER, 2019) Khan, Saima; Nazir, Mamona; Saleem, Hammad; Raiz, Naheed; Saleem, Muhammad; Anjum, Syed Muhammad Muneeb; Zengin, Gökhan; Mukhtar, Mahreen; Tousif, Muhammad Imran; Mahomoodally, Fawzi Mohamad; Ahemad, NafeesChemical composition and pharmacological effects of different extracts of Berberis calliobotrys Bien. ex Koehne were studied. The chemical profile of the methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous extracts were established by determining their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, besides ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of Berberis calliobotrys. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated as inhibition of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) free radicals, by reducing power via ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), by cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and by phosphomolybdenum and metal chelation assays. Enzyme inhibitory potential of the extracts was also tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and tyrosinase. The Bc-W (Berberis calliobotrys aqueous extract) and Bc-M (B. calliobotrys methanol extract) afforded highest phenolic contents with values of 94.34 and 77.70 mgGAE/g extract, respectively, while the Bc-E (Berberis calliobotrys ethyl acetate extract) contained highest flavonoid contents (11.11 mg RE/g extract). UHPLC-MS analysis of Bc-M and Bc-E showed the presence of known secondary metabolites of alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, and terpene classes. The Bc-W was the most active in the ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum antioxidant assays, whereas for DPPH and metal chelation activities, Bc-M was found to be more potent. The Bc-E and Bc-B (Berberis calliobotrys n-butanol extract) were least active for antioxidant potential. All the extracts showed considerable cholinesterase inhibition, whereas, Bc-E was most potent inhibitor of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase. It is concluded that B. calliobotrys extracts contained variety of bioactive constituents; antioxidant and enzyme inhibitors thus can be considered as a potential candidate for relevant industrial applications.
