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Öğe Comparasion of pharmacokinetic profiles of some antimicrobial agents in plasma and lymph fluids(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 1999) Elmas, M; Tras, BSome pharmacokinetic parameters and concentrations of four antimicrobial agents in plasma and lymph fluids were compared for determination of penetration into peripheral tissues. Eighteen healthy adult sheep (Turk Merino x Hampshire cross, 18-24 month, weighing 32-37 kg) were used. For collection of lymph samples, the efferent vessel of Nl. cervicalis superficialis sinister was cannulated with a polyethylene catheter. All antimicrobial agents were administered intramuscularly at single recommended doses (Chloramphenicol 30 mg/kg b.wt., Enrofloxacin 2.5 mg/kg b. wt., Sulphadoxine-trimethoprim 16 mg/kg b.wt.). Subsequently, blood and lymph samples were concurrently obtained at 2, 4, 8. 12, 16 and 24 hr postinjection. Concentrations of these agents in all samples were analysed by HPLC. Concentrations of enrofloxacin in lymph fluids at ail sampling times were found to be higher than plasma (p<0.01), but concentrations of sulphadoxine in plasma and lymph fluids at all sampling times were not found to be statistically different (p>0.05). The level of chloramphenicol in plasma was found to be higher than lymph fluid only at 2 hr (p<0.05). Concentration of trimethoprim in lymph fluids was found to be higher than plasma at 2 hr (p<0.02), but the level of lymph fluid was found to be lower than plasma at 4 hr after IM administration (p<0.002). However, levels of chloramphenicol and trimetoprim in plasma and lymph fluids were found to be similar at other sampling times. Ratios of lymph AUC((total))/AUC((total)) of chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, sulphadoxine and trimethoprim were found to be 0.97, 1.37, 0.96 and 0.86, respectively. While differences between lymph AUC((total)) and plasma AUC((total)) of enrofloxacin were found to be statistically significant (p<0.003), the AUC((total)) of other drugs in plasma and lymph fluids were found not to be significant (p>0.05). While terminal elimination half-lives (t 1/2 beta) of agents in plasma were found to be 2.47, 3.35, 3.94 and 2.39, the same parameters of agents in lymph fluids were found to be 2.30, 3.73, 4.01 and 2.85, respectively There were no significant differences between these parameters of all agents (p>0.05). The results show that when enrofloxacin, sulphadoxine and trimethoprim were used at recommended doses and intervals, these drugs penetrated peripheral tissues quickly and at sufficient concentrations, and chloramphenicol also penetrated quickly into peripheral tissue. but this dosages regimen was inadequate to supply effective concentrations in tissues.Öğe Concentrations of sulfadoxine and trimethoprim in plasma, lymph fluids and some tissues 24 H after intramuscular administration to angora goats(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 1998) Tras, B; Elmas, M; Yazar, E; Bas, AL; Keskin, E; Dasci, ZThis study was carried out to determine the concentrations of sulfadoxine and trimethoprim in plasma, lymph, and some tissues in goats after administration of a single recommended therapeutic dose. Five healthy, adult Angora goats were used. The drug combination, containing 200 mg sulfadoxine and 40 mg trimethoprim per millilitre, was given as a single IM injection at the recommended dose level, 15 mg/kg body weight for sulfadoxine and 3 mg/kg body weight for trimethoprim. The goats were slaughtered 24 hours after drug administration and samples were taken from liver, bone marrow, pelvic limb muscles, hepatic, thoracic duct, and the pelvic limb lymph fluids for analysis of drug concentrations by HPLC. The concentrations of trimethoprim in bone marrow, liver, pelvic limb muscles, hepatic lymph, the pelvic limb lymph, and thoracic duct lymph were found to be 6, 5, 4, 2, 5 and 15 times higher than those of plasma, respectively. Although the sulfadoxine concentrations in bone marrow, pelvic limb muscles, and liver were 2, 3 and 2 times higher than the plasm concentrations, respectively, the sulfadoxine concentrations in hepatic lymph, the pelvic limb lymph, and thoracic duct lymph were lower than those of plasma. The results show that the trimethoprim concentrations in lymph fluids were quite similar to those in tissues. However, the sulfadoxine concentrations in lymph fluids were different in each tissue.Öğe Disposition and milk levels of sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination following intrauterine bolus administration in lactating cows during postpartum(ECOLE NATIONAL VET TOULOUSE, 1999) Elmas, M; Tras, B; Bas, AL; Yazar, E; Nizamlioglu, F; Colak, M; Yapar, KThis study was carried out to describe the disposition and milk levels of sulfadiazine (SDZ)-trimethoprim (TMP) combination following intrauterine bolus administration in cows during postpartum. Six cows were used as materials. SDZ-TMP combination bolus was given through intrauterine administration at the recommended dose of 4 g of SDZ plus 0.8 g of TMP to each animal during postpartum. Concentrations of SDZ and TMP were determined by HPLC. The absorption half-lives of SDZ and TMP were 1.44 and 1.68 hours, respectively. The elimination half-life of SDZ was 3.74 hours, while it was 11.04 hours for TMP. SDZ did not reach to MIC levels in plasma and milk after the intrauterine administration. After intrauterine administration, TMP was detected at the effective levels in milk. These results suggest that passing ratio of antimicrobials into milk should be taken into consideration for drug administrations into uterine in lactating cows during postpartum.Öğe Effect of garlic oil on erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fractions in hypercholesterolaemic dogs(LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 1997) Keskin, E; Durgun, Z; Kocabatmaz, M; Tras, B; Eryavuz, A; Donmez, NWe studied the effects of a cholesterol diet alone and of a cholesterol diet plus garlic oil on erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fractions in 10 adult mongrel dogs. The animals were fed the control diet plus 0.5% cholesterol for 6 weeks and the control diet containing 5% cholesterol plus garlic oil at 20 mg kg(-1) body weight daily for the last 3 weeks of the experiment. Feeding with the cholesterol-rich diet resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in erythrocyte membrane lipids. The administration of garlic oil not only prevented the increases but also reduced the levels of phospholipid and cholesterol, though not significantly. Although phospholipid (PL) fractions showed fluctuations with the cholesterol feeding and garlic oil administration, there was no significant difference between the sampling times. In conclusion, further studies are necessary on the effect of garlic on the membrane PL fractions because of the importance of PL in all aspects of membrane physiology from anion transport to regulation of cell structure.Öğe Effect of pentoxifylline on biochemical parameters in endotoxaemic New Zealand white rabbits(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2004) Yazar, E; Col, R; Uney, K; Atalay, B; Elmas, M; Tras, BEffect of pentoxifylline on biochemical values in endotoxaemic rabbits was investigated. Forty rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Group 1, served as a control group, group 2: lipopolysaccharide was injected intravenously, group 3: pentoxifylline was injected intraperitoneally, group 4: lipopolysaccharide and pentoxifylline were injected simultaneously. Serum samples were collected 6 h after the treatments. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, glucose, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus and magnesium levels were measured. Pentoxifylline induced protective effect on the liver and kidney in endotoxaemia, but did not show any protective effect on lipid metabolism.Öğe Effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in healthy and experimentally induced peritonitis mice(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2001) Yazar, E; Tras, BIn this study, effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics were investigated on hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in healthy and experimentally induced peritonitis mice. One hundred thirty two mice randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 was injected enrofloxacin, group 3 was injected danofloxacin, group 4 was injected E. coli, and group 5 and group 6 were injected enrofloxacin and danofloxacin, respectively, after the injection E. roll. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured by spectrophotometer. As results, enrofloxacin caused a decrease glutathione peroxidase activity at 24, 48 and 72 hours, and danofloxacin caused an increase superoxide dismutase activity at 24 and 48 hours after the injection. Danofloxacin and E. coli caused a decrease glutathione peroxidase activity during all experimental period after the injection.Öğe Intraphagocytic concentrations of free and liposome encapsulated ampicillin in sheep after intravenous infusion(NATL VETERINARY RESEARCH INST, 2006) Yazar, E; Bas, AL; Yapar, K; Birdane, YO; Elmas, M; Tras, BIntraphagocytic (neutrophil and monocyte) concentrations of free and liposome encapsulated ampicillin were investigated in sheep. The ampicillin (5 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered as intravenous infusion. Blood samples were collected at 0, 10, 30, and 60 min, and 2 and 4 h after the infusion. Neutrophils and monocytes were isolated and lysed. Ampicillin concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. As results, liposome encapsulated ampicillin caused higher intracellular concentrations in neutrophils (ratio of liposome encapsulated ampicillin/free ampicillin; from 1.736 to 2.511) and monocytes (ratio of liposome encapsulated ampicillin/free ampicillin from 2.041 to 4.384) than free ampicillin. Liposome encapsulated ampicillin also existed longer time within neutrophils (2 h) and monocytes (2 h) than free ampicillin (60 min). This formulation may be beneficial in the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections.