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    Description of breeding sites of Culicoides species (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in Turkey
    (EDP SCIENCES S A, 2007) Uslu, U.; Dik, B.
    The aim of this study was to describe the breeding sites of Culicoides species in Konya province, Turkey. The samples taken from I I different habitats in Konya province were examined for Culicoides species. The collected adult Culicoides specimens were reared in plastic buckets in our laboratory, Among 2,798 specimens reared, 18 species were identified. Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer, 1918 was the most abundant species reared in the samples taken from mud rich in organic matters near the water reservoirs; C. circumscriptus, C. nubeculosus (Meigen, 1830 and C. shoklowensis Khalaf, 1957 in moist soil with organic matter; C. geigelensis Dzhafarov, 1964 in moist soils, along watering channels and dripping waters; C. festivipennis Kieffer, 1914 and C. circumscriptus along sewage channel; C. festivipennis in reed sites and along garden watering channels; C. circumscriptus in rain pools; C. odiatus Austen, 192 1 and C. circumscriptus in mud near the dams; C. gejgelensis and C. kibunensis Tokunaga, 1937 from sites along the stream. No Culicoides was reared in the samples obtained from livestock dung and tree holes. It was observed that C. circumscriptus, C. festivipennis and C. shoklowensis preferred mud rich in organic matters near the water reservoirs, Culicoides imicolo Kieffer, 1913, which is the main vector of bluetongue, was not detected in Konya province, The others vectors of bluetongue, C. C. obsoletus gr. Meigen, 18 18, C. schultzei gr. (Enderlein), 1908 and C. pulicaris (Linnaeus), 1758 were only obtained in little numbers.
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    Determination of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as suspect vectors of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease and Bluetongue viruses in southern and western Anatolia by RT-PCR
    (ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2012) Dik, B.; Yavru, S.; Uslu, U.; Yapici, O.; Esin, E.
    This study was performed to detect genomes of the Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV) in Culicoides species present in various areas from Anatolia. Culicoides samples were caught using Onderstepoort-type light traps in 18 districts from 7 Provinces (Antalya, Mugla. Aydin, Izmir, Manisa, Balikesir and Canakkale) and the presence of viral genomes was investigated by RT-PCR using specific primer pairs (EHDV/S3 and BTV/S7, respectively). Out of the 13 Culicoides species collected. C. imicola complex was predominant following by Culicoides sp. C. nubeculosus, C schultzei, C circumscriptus and C. longipennis. The BTV genome was not evidenced in any diptera species whereas tie presence of EHDV was detected in 9 species (C. imicola, C. circumscriptus, C. festivipennis, C. gejgelensis, C. longipennis, C. nubeculosus, C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris and Culicoides sp.) depending for the localisation of the collecting centers. The viral genome was evidenced in C. pulicaris and C. imicola complexes. in C. festivipennis, C. gejgelensis, C. longipennis and Culicoides sp. caught in Mugla, in C. imicola, C. longipennis and C. tuberculosus caught in Izmir and in C. obsoletus and C. circumscriptus collected in the Canakkale province. These results show that all of the Culicoides species, from which the viral genome was detected by RT-PCR for the first time in Turkey, were potential EHDV vectors.
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    The geographical distribution and first molecular analysis of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species in the Southern and Southeastern Turkey during the 2012 outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever
    (SPRINGER, 2014) Dik, B.; Muz, D.; Muz, M. N.; Uslu, U.
    This study investigated the geographical distribution and molecular analysis of Culicoides species in the Southern and Southeastern Turkey during the 2012 outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF). The midge specimens caught by Onderstepoort-type light traps from livestock farms were tested for molecular evidence of existence of viral genome. Blood specimens were collected from clinically BEF-suspected acute febrile cattle. Total nucleic acid samples obtained from field specimens were checked against the BEF virus G gene and Culicoides internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) gene. A total of 20,845 Culicoides specimens (20,569 a (TM) Euroa (TM) Euro, 276 a (TM),a (TM),) comprising 11 species (Culicoides badooshensis, Culicoides circumscriptus, Culicoides gejgelensis, Culicoides imicola, Culicoides kibunensis, Culicoides longipennis, Culicoides newsteadi, Culicoides nubeculosus, Culicoides odiatus, Culicoides punctatus, Culicoides schultzei, Culicoides spp.) were collected. C. schultzei (18,032) was found as the dominant species and followed by C. imicola (1,857), C. nubeculosus complex (545), and C. circumscriptus (259), respectively. C. kibunensis was identified as new species for this region. PCR positivity of BEF was found 37.14 % (13/35) in blood samples whereas no viral genome was obtained from Culicoides specimens. Culicoides spp. ITS-1 gene sequences were analyzed phylogenetically with GenBank ITS-1 sequences. Molecular homology of Culicoides ITS-1 gene was ranged between 62.74 and 71.39 %. The results described first molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Culicoides ITS-1 gene with reference to the 2012 BEF outbreak in Turkey.
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    Prevalence and intensity of Oestrus ovis in Akkaraman sheep in the Konya region of Turkey
    (BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2006) Uslu, U.; Dik, B.
    Slaughterhouse surveys to determine the prevalence and intensity of larval Oestrus ovis Linnaeus (Diptera: Oestridae) in sheep, were conducted monthly for I year in Konya, Turkey. A total of 624 sheep, selected at random, were examined and 59% were found to be infested by O. ovis. A total of 8801 larvae were collected, of which 68.9% were first-stage, 19.1% second-stage and 12% third-stage larvae. All three larval stadia were seen in each month of the year. The larval intensity for infected sheep was 23.9, with 16.48 L-1, 4.55 L-2 and 2.87 L-3. The monthly prevalence ranged from 34.6% in January to 76.9% in October. The largest number of larvae (180) was obtained from a sheep in August (122 L1, 52 L 2 and 6 L 3). The infestation rate was higher in 4-6-year-old sheep, at 72.6%. The infestation rates were 64.4% in female and 47.5% in male sheep.
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    Vertical distribution of Culicoides larvae and pupae
    (BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2006) Uslu, U.; Dik, B.
    This study was carried out in the northeast region of Konya in Turkey, between April and December 2004, to determine the vertical distribution of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) larvae and pupae. Larvae and pupae were collected using the saturated sugar flotation technique in mud samples taken from a range of depths of up to 20 cm. In total, 282 adult Culicoides were obtained. The number of larvae and pupae decreased as the depth increased; at 2.5 cm, 97 Culicoides larvae and 73 Culicoides pupae were found. Larvae and pupae of C. nubeculosus (Meigen) and C. puncticollis (Becker) were mostly found in organic matter-rich breeding sites, while larvae and pupae of C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov and C. festivipennis Kieffer were mostly found in organic matter-poor breeding sites. Culicoides larvae and pupae were obtained largely in July and August.