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Are the flowable composites suitable for orthodontic bracket bonding?
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Uysal, T; Sari, Z; Demir, A
The study aims to determine the shear bond strength (SBS) values of different flowable composites (Pulpdent(R) Flows-Rite, 3M(TM) Filtek Flow, and Heraeus Kulzer(R) Flow Line) in comparison with a conventional orthodontic adhesive and the bond failure sites of these composites. Eighty extracted human premolars were divided into four groups of 20 teeth each. Brackets were bonded to the teeth in each test group with different composites,. according to the manufacturer's instructions. SBS values of these brackets were recorded (in MPa) using a universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined after the failure of brackets. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey honestly significant difference, and chi-square tests. SBS values of groups 1 (Transbond XT), 2 (Flows-Rite), 3 (Flow), and 4 (Flow Line) were found to be 17.10 +/- 2.48 MPa, 6.60 +/- 3.2 MPa, 7.75 +/- 2.9 MPa, and 8.53 +/- 3.50 MPa, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that the orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT) had higher SBS values than the flowable composites. Results of ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences among the groups (P < .05). The SBS values were significantly lower in all flowable composite groups than the orthodontic adhesive. ARI scores were significantly different between the orthodontic adhesive and all the flowable groups investigated. The use of flowable composites is not advocated for orthodontic bracket bonding because of significantly lower SBS values achieved.
The association of occlusal factors with masticatory muscle tenderness in 10-to 19-year old Turkish subjects
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2005) Demir, A; Uysal, T; Basciftci, FA; Guray, E
The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the relationship between occlusal factors and masticatory muscle tenderness among 10- to 19-year-old (mean 14 years eight months) Turkish subjects and (2) to identify possible sex differences between them. The sample consisted of 716 individuals (355 male and 361 female subjects). Tenderness with palpation of masseter and temporalis muscles and functional manipulation of lateral and medial pterygoid muscles was registered. The examiners recorded the Angle classification bilaterally for molars, presence of anterior and posterior crossbites, excessive overjet, open and deep bites, functional shift, and severity of anterior crowding. Associations between the occlusal factors and muscle tenderness according to sex were evaluated with chi-square analysis. Statistically significant associations were found between masticatory muscle tenderness and all the investigated occlusal factors except posterior crossbite and functional shift. Masseter, medial, and lateral pterygoid muscle tenderness was higher in female subjects. Medial and lateral pterygoid muscle tenderness in Class I cases and masseter and medial pterygoid muscle tenderness in Class II, division 1 malocclusion cases were higher in female subjects (P <.05). In open-bite cases, medial pterygoid muscle tenderness (P <.05), in deep-bite cases, masseter (P <.01) and medial pterygoid (P <.05) muscle tenderness, and in excessive overjet cases, masseter muscle tenderness (P <.05) were also higher in female subjects. These results suggest that greater masticatory muscle tenderness in female subjects may contribute to the greater prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in them.
Craniofacial structure of Anatolian Turkish adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces
(MOSBY-ELSEVIER, 2004) Basciftci, FA; Uysal, T; Buyukerkmen, A
This study aimed to develop cephalometric standards for Anatolian Turkish men and women. Fifty young men (mean age [+/- standard deviation], 22.61 +/- 1.22) and 55 young women (mean age, 22.14 +/- 1.44 years) were studied. All subjects were born to Turkish parents and grandparents and were 19 to 25 years old. All had Class I occlusions with minor or no crowding, normal growth and development, well-aligned maxillary and mandibular dental arches, all teeth present except third molars, good facial symmetry determined clinically and radiographically, no significant medical history, no history of trauma, no previous orthodontic or prosthodontic treatment, and no maxillofacial or plastic surgery. Twenty-five measurements (14 linear and 11 angular) were analyzed on each radiograph. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated for each measurement. For statistical evaluation, independent-samples t tests were performed. Our established values were compared with the norms of other investigators who studied facial esthetics. Significant racial differences were found in skeletal measurements (anterior nasal spine [ANS] to menton), dental measurements (maxillary incisor to sella-nasion plane, mandibular incisor to nasion-Point B line, and mandibular incisor to mandibular plane), and soft tissue measurements (H angle, upper lip to E plane, and upper lip to Steiner S line). Significant sex differences were found in the measurements condylion to A point, condylion to gnathion, ANS to menton, and nasion to ANS. It is appropriate to put these cephalometric norms into daily orthodontic practice when an Anatolian Turkish population is being treated.
Dental and alveolar arch widths in normal occlusion and class III malocclusion
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2005) Uysal, T; Usumez, S; Memili, B; Sari, Z
The aim of this study was to compare the transverse dimensions of the dental arches and alveolar widths of Class III malocclusion group with a group of untreated normal occlusion subjects. This study was performed using measurements on dental casts of 150 normal occlusion (mean age, 21.6 +/- 2.6 years) and 100 Class III malocclusion (mean age, 15.4 +/- 2.2 years) subjects. Independent samples Mest was applied for comparing the groups. The findings of this study indicated that the mandibular intercanine and intermolar alveolar widths were significantly larger in the Class III group when compared with the normal occlusion sample (P < .001). Maxillary interpremolar, intermolar widths and all maxillary alveolar width measurements were significantly narrower in the Class III group (P < .001). In addition, the lower canine and premolar alveolar width measurements were also statistically significantly larger in the normal occlusion group when compared with the Class III malocclusion group (P < .001). Subjects with Class III malocclusion tend to have the maxillary teeth inclined to the lingual and mandibular teeth inclined to the buccal direction because of the restriction of maxillary growth and development according to dental arch width measurements. Therefore, rapid maxillary expansion should be considered before or during the treatment of a Class III patient with or without face-mask therapy.
Dental and alveolar arch widths in normal occlusion, class II division 1 and class II division 2
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2005) Uysal, T; Memili, B; Usumez, S; Sari, Z
The aim of this study was to compare the transverse dimensions of the dental arches and alveolar arches in the canine, premolar, and molar regions of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusion groups with normal occlusion subjects. This study was performed using measurements on dental casts of 150 normal occlusion (mean age: 21.6 +/- 2.6 years), 106 Class II division 1 (mean age: 17.2 +/- 2.4 years), and 108 Class II division 2 (mean age: 18.5 +/- 2.9 years) malocclusion subjects. Independent-samples t-test was applied for comparisons of the groups. These findings indicate that the maxillary interpremolar width, maxillary canine, premolar and molar alveolar widths, and mandibular premolar and molar alveolar widths were significantly narrower in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the normal occlusion sample. The maxillary interpremolar width, canine and premolar alveolar widths, and all mandibular alveolar widths were significantly narrower in the Class II division 2 group than in the normal occlusion sample. The mandibular intercanine and interpremolar widths were narrower and the maxillary intermolar width measurement was larger in the Class II division 2 subjects when compared with the Class II division 1 subjects. Maxillary molar teeth in subjects with Class II division 1 maloc-clusions tend to incline to the buccal to compensate the insufficient alveolar base. For that reason, rapid maxillary expansion rather than slow expansion may be considered before or during the treatment of Class II division 1 patients.
Does orthodontic treatment affect patients' and parents' anxiety levels?
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2005) Sari, Z; Uysal, T; Karaman, AI; Sargin, N; Ure, O
The aims of this study were (1) to determine and compare the anxiety levels of two groups of patient and parents, (2) to identify possible gender differences between male and female subjects and (3) to evaluate any changes in anxiety levels after 1 year of treatment. The first group consisted of 40 subjects with a mean age of 15.6 +/- 1.2 years awaiting orthodontic treatment, plus one parent of each subject (mean age 43.4 +/- 2.3 years). The second group comprised 43 patients with a mean age of 16.0 +/- 1.1 years who had been undergoing treatment for a period of 1 year, plus one parent of each patient (mean age 41.0 +/- 1.9 years). Personal information forms and Spielberger's 'State and Trait Anxiety Inventory' (STAI) were applied to both groups. To compare the two groups and to determine the differences between males and females, independent-sample t-tests were used. Internal consistencies for the two scales of the STAI were evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Trait anxiety levels of parents (51.05 +/- 5.1) and state anxiety levels of subjects (58.57 +/- 6.73) who were about to start orthodontic treatment were both high. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In patients who had undergone treatment for 1 year, the scores were found to be normal (43.28 +/- 5.91). However, their parents' high levels of trait anxiety remained unchanged (50.41 +/- 4.2).
Effectiveness of a hydrophilic primer when different antimicrobial agents are mixed
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Karaman, AI; Uysal, T
The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of antimicrobial agents with hydrophilic primer applied to etched enamel surfaces will affect the shear bond strength (SBS) and the bracket/adhesive failure modes of metallic orthodontic brackets. Eighty noncarious human premolars were divided into four groups of 20 each. A composite resin (Transbond XT) was used to bond stainless steel brackets. Teeth in the first group were used as a control and bonded with standard procedures. For the other three groups, mixtures containing a hydrophilic primer (Transbond MIP) and one of three antimicrobial agents were prepared (Cervitec(R): in 1:2 ratio; chlorhexidine mouthwash and EC40(R) varnish in 1:1 ratio). These mixtures were applied to the etched enamel surfaces and thoroughly light cured for 20 seconds, and the brackets were bonded and light cured for 40 seconds. The SBS values of these brackets (Mpa) were recorded using a universal testing machine. Adhesive Remnant Index scores were determined after failure of the brackets. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey honestly significant difference, and chi-square tests. Results of ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in bond strengths among the various groups tested (P < .05). The bond strength values in these four groups compared favorably with those from other studies and the minimal bond strength values that are clinically acceptable. However, results of this study demonstrated that groups 1 (control) and 2 (Cervitec varnish) had higher SBS values than the other applications. Application of different antimicrobial agents may result in differences in the site of failure.
Effects of a chlorhexidine varnish on shear bond strength in indirect bonding
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2005) Polat, O; Uysal, T; Karaman, AI
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an antimicrobial varnish on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic orthodontic brackets bonded with an indirect bonding resin. For this purpose, 60 noncarious human premolars were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 was an indirect bonding control group and, after acid etching of the enamel, the brackets were indirectly bonded to the teeth with an indirect bonding resin. In group 2, before bonding, an antimicrobial varnish was painted on the etched enamel and indirect bonding was carried out as in group 1. In group 3, Transbond MIP primer and the antimicrobial varnish were thoroughly mixed in a 1:2 proportion, applied to the enamel surface, light cured for 20 seconds, and the brackets were direct bonded. A universal testing machine was used to determine the maximum load necessary to debond the brackets, the SBS values recorded, and the adhesive remnant index scores determined. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD, and chi-square tests. Results of ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the SBS among the various groups tested (P <.05). Indirect bonding of brackets with Sondhi Rapid Set after the application of the antimicrobial varnish showed significantly lower SBS when compared with both the group 2, indirect bonding control group, and the group 3, direct bonded-anti microbial varnish group.
The effects of activator treatment on the craniofacial structures of Class II division 1 patients
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2003) Basciftci, FA; Uysal, T; Buyukerkmen, A; Sari, Z
The aim of the present study was to clarify the skeletal treatment effects induced by activator treatment. Fifty actively growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusions were treated with an activator appliance. A control group consisting of longitudinal growth data from 20 patients (untreated Class II division 1 malocclusions) was used to eliminate possible differences in growth pattern. Lateral cephalograms of each patient were taken at the start and end of treatment. Final cephalograms were taken after a mean of 16.4 (+/-2.0) months activator treatment, compared with a mean of 14.2 (+/-2.4) months for the control group. Each cephalogram was traced and digitized by the same individual. The mean and standard deviations for linear and angular cephalometric measurements were analysed statistically, and intra- and inter-group changes were evaluated by paired- and independent-sample t-tests. At the end of the study period, the overjet was decreased in all patients. Ramus height, corpus length, anterior and posterior face height all increased significantly (P < 0.05). In the treatment group, ANB angle decreased and the bite was opened. The activator appliance caused maxillary incisor lingual tipping and mandibular incisor labial tipping. The overjet was decreased as a result of the increased forward growth of the mandible and dentoalveolar changes. The results demonstrated that the activator appliance has a characteristic skeletal and dental effect on the developing craniofacial complex.
Effects of camouflage treatment on dentofacial structures in Class II division 1 mandibular retrognathic patients
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2005) Demir, A; Uysal, T; Sari, Z; Basciftci, FA
The aims of this study were to determine the changes in the dentofacial structures of Class II division 1 mandibular retrognathic patients treated with bilateral extraction of the upper first premolars, and to compare pre- and post-treatment values with the cephalometric norms of Anatolian Turkish adults. The Class II division 1 subjects included 20 males and 33 females (mean age: 17.08 +/- 1.03 years). All received comprehensive orthodontic treatment using an edgewise appliance and appropriate headgear. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the beginning and end of treatment. Twenty-five (14 linear and 11 angular) measurements were analysed on each radiograph. Each cephalogram was traced and digitized. For statistical evaluation, paired and independent-samples t-tests were performed. When the pre- and post-treatment measurements were compared, statistically significant differences were found for nine of 25 measurements. During treatment the facial axis, U1-SN (degrees), U1-NA (mm), U1-NA (degrees), H angle and upper lip to E plane measurements decreased, while N-ANS, interincisal angle and upper lip to Steiner S line increased. No statistically significant gender differences were found. Significant improvements were determined in ANS-Me and L1-APo measurements compared with Turkish norms. However, statistically significant deterioration was found in values related to point A, upper incisor and lower lip measurements. The findings demonstrates that camouflage treatment in Class II, mandibular retrognathic subjects has characteristic skeletal, dental and soft tissue effects on the dentofacial complex.
The effects of early preorthodontic trainer treatment on class II, division 1 patients
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Usumez, S; Uysal, T; Sari, Z; Basciftci, FA; Karaman, AI; Guray, E
The aim of this study was to clarify the dentoskeletal treatment effects induced by a preorthodontic trainer appliance treatment on Class II, division 1 cases. Twenty patients (10 girls and 10 boys, mean age 9.6 +/- 1.3 years) with a Class II, division 1 malocclusion were treated with preorthodontic trainer appliances (Myofunctional Research Co., Queensland, Australia). The patients were instructed to use the trainer every day for one hour and overnight while they slept. A control group of 20 patients (mean age 10.2 +/- 0.8 years) with untreated Class II, division 1 malocclusions was used to eliminate possible growth effects. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the start and end of treatment. Final cephalograms were taken 13.1 +/- 1.8 months after trainer application, compared with a mean of 11.2 +/- 2.4 months later for the control group. The mean and standard deviations for cephalometric measurements were analyzed by paired-samples t-test and independent-samples t-tests. At the end of the study period, the trainer group subjects showed significant changes including anterior rotation and sagittal growth of the mandible, increased SNB and facial height, reduced ANB, increased lower incisor proclination, retroclination of upper incisors, and overjet reduction. However, only total facial height increase, lower incisor proclination, and overjet reduction were significantly higher when compared with the changes observed in the control group. This study demonstrates that the preorthodontic trainer application induces basically dentoalveolar changes that result in significant reduction of overjet and can be used with appropriate patient selection.
The influence of extraction treatment on holdaway soft-tissue measurements
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Basciftci, FA; Uysal, T; Buyukerkmen, A; Demir, A
The aims of this study were (1) to determine the changes in the soft-tissue measurements of orthodontic patients treated with four first premolars extractions as determined by the Holdaway Analysis, (2) to investigate the sexual differences between pre- and posttreatment values, and (3) to compare the Holdaway soft-tissue norms with findings in Anatolian Turkish adults. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms of 58 patients (26 boys and 32 girls) were evaluated. During treatment, the H angle, soft tissue subnasale to H line, and upper-lip strain decreased, and the upper-lip thickness, inferior sulcus to H line, and nose prominence increased. No statistically significant sex differences were found between the pre- and posttreatment values of the four premolar extraction cases. When the pretreatment values were compared with the Holdaway soft-tissue norms of Anatolian Turkish adults, seven variables showed statistically significant differences. When the posttreatment values were compared, six measurements showed statistically significant differences. It was determined that some measurements (H angle, inferior sulcus to H line, upper-lip thickness) moved closer to the Anatolian Turkish norms with extraction of four first premolars. However, upper-lip strain measurement changed in an undesirable direction during the treatment. In this study, the sample began treatment with greater facial imbalance, and the facial esthetics improved during treatment. It is necessary to investigate this difference in future studies using larger sample sizes.
Intermaxillary tooth size discrepancy and mesiodistal crown dimensions for a Turkish population
(MOSBY, INC, 2005) Uysal, T; Sari, Z
Introduction: The aims of this study were to determine the size of individual permanent teeth, tooth-size ratios for the maxillary and mandibular dentitions, and sex differences for those variables in a Turkish population, and to compare the figures obtained with those of the Bolton analysis. Methods: The data were derived from dental casts of 150 Turkish subjects (72 men, mean age 22.09 +/- 3.11 years; 78 women, mean age, 21.11 +/- 2.08 years) with normal occlusions. The mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values were calculated for individual tooth size, and overall and anterior ratios, separately for men and women. To determine whether there are sex differences in intermaxillary tooth size discrepancies, an independent samples t test was performed. Results: The mesiodistal dimensions of the maxillary teeth showed greater variability than the mandibular teeth, with the first molar dimensions having the greatest variability. The overall and anterior ratios were found to be 89.88 +/- 2.29 and 78.26 +/- 2.61, respectively. A statistically significant sex difference was found only in overall ratio (P < .001). According to Bolton's mean values, a discrepancy in the overall ratio was found in 18% of Turkish normal occlusion subjects, and anterior ratios outside 2 standard deviations from the Bolton mean were found in 21.3% of our sample. Conclusions: These findings indicate that population-specific standards are necessary for clinical assessments. Bolton's original data do not represent Turkish people, and therefore it is appropriate to use Turkish norms in daily orthodontic practice for Turkish patients.
New chromosome counts in the Centaurea Jacea group (Asteraceae, Cardueae) and some related taxa
(OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2004) Romaschenko, K; Ertugrul, K; Susanna, A; Garcia-Jacas, N; Uysal, T; Arslan, E
Twenty-seven chromosome counts are reported in 23 species of the genus Centaurea, mostly eastern endemic species of the Jacea group, which has become the core of the re-defined genus Centaurea. Twenty reports are new, one is a correction of a previous count, one is a confirmation of limited previous data and one represents a new basic number in the Centaureinae. The prevalence of the basic chromosome number x = 9 among the Eastern sections of the Jacea group is confirmed, together with the close correlation between karyological data and classification of the genus. Two alternative hypotheses on the aberrant chromosome number (for the Centaureinae) found in C. behen are proposed. One of them, if verified, would confirm that a cycle of polyploidy and descending dysploidy is a key mechanism in the speciation of the group. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London.
A new species of Ornithogalum (Liliaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey
(BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2005) Uysal, T; Ertugrul, K; Dural, H
Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural sp. nov. (Liliaceae) is described and illustrated from Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on alpine steppe and stony places in Bozkir (C4 Konya province) in South Anatolia. It is closely related to O. nutans L. and O. demirizianum Malyer & M.Koyuncu, an endemic confined to South Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. Notes are also presented on the ecology, biogeography and conservation status of the new species. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.
Rapid maxillary expansion. Is permanent it better in the mixed or in the dentition?
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2003) Sari, Z; Uysal, T; Usumez, S; Basciftci, FA
The aim of this study was to compare the dentoskeletal effects of a modified acrylic-bonded rapid maxillary expansion (RME) device when it is used in the mixed and permanent dentitions. The study group consisted of 51 patients in the mixed and permanent dentition (26 girls and 25 boys) who underwent RME treatment. Group I was composed of 34 subjects in the mixed dentition (19 girls and 15 boys; mean age, 9.2 +/- 1.3 years). Group 2 consisted of 17 subjects in the permanent dentition (seven girls and 10 boys; mean age 12.7 +/- 1.2 years). Lateral and frontal cephalograms and upper dental casts were collected before treatment (T1), after treatment (T2), and after retention (T3). Intragroup and intergroup changes were evaluated by paired t-test and Student's t-test, respectively. In both groups after RME, the maxilla moved forward; mandible rotated posteriorly; facial height increased; nasal, maxillary, and maxillary intercanine and first molar widths increased; and the upper molars tipped buccally. Almost all these significant changes were stable at follow-up (T3). When overall (T1 - T3) differences were considered, upper molars tipped more, and the ANB angle increased less in the mixed dentition group compared with the permanent dentition group (P < .01). Within the limits of this study, the results suggest that the orthopedic effects of RME are not as great as expected at early ages, and it might be a better alternative to delay RME to early permanent dentition.
The relationship between bruxism and occlusal factors among seven- to 19-year-old Turkish children
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Demir, A; Uysal, T; Guray, E; Basciftci, FA
The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism among 965 Turkish subjects (472 boys and 493 girls) with a mean age of 12.8 years (range, seven to 19 years); and (2) to identify possible sex differences between girls and boys. This sample was divided into two groups of bruxers or nonbruxers based on a clinical examination and self-reports. The examiner recorded the Angle molar classification bilaterally, severity of anterior crowding, existence of anterior and posterior crossbite, open and deep bite, functional shift, and excessive overjet. The relationships between occlusal factors and bruxism and sex differences between boys and girls were evaluated with chi-square analysis (chi(2)) using the SPSS software package. The results showed that bruxism was diagnosed in 12.6% of all subjects. The evaluation of the findings indicated that no statistically significant relationships were determined between bruxism and occlusal factors. No sex differences were found between occlusal factors in relation to bruxism. The prevalence of bruxism in boys and girls was similar, and no statistically significant differences were found. It is concluded that none of the occlusal factors seem to play a role in the development of bruxism. However, additional longitudinal studies with larger samples need to be conducted to determine if there is any relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism.
Relationship between static natural head position and head position measured during walking
(MOSBY, INC, 2006) Usumez, S; Uysal, T; Orhan, M; Soganci, E
Introduction: The aim of this project was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of static and dynamic (measured during walking) measurements of head posture. Methods: The sample consisted of 50 subjects, 25 women and 25 men, 20 to 25 years of age. None had a history of orthodontic treatment, head or neck injury, or nasal breathing problems, and none wore eyeglasses to correct vision. Static measurement of head position was recorded by using the self-balance position. Dynamic measurements of head position were, made with an inclinometer device with the subject walking in a relaxed manner for 5 minutes. The data, measured in degrees, were stored in a pocket data logger. Recorded static and dynamic head posture data were transferred to a computer for analysis. The means of the measurements were statistically compared with the t test (alpha = .05). The mean walking head position was tipped forward relative to the mean static head position. Results: The mean value of static position minus walking head position measurements was +4.60 degrees. The differences between the 2 recordings were statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusions: Static and walking head position measurements are not interchangeable. Therefore, it might be advisable to use the mean dynamic measurement of head position to represent natural head position for positioning when taking case records such as lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms, clinical extraoral photography, or 3-dimensional imaging.
Relationships between dental and skeletal maturity in Turkish subjects
(E H ANGLE EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC, 2004) Uysal, T; Sari, Z; Ramoglu, SI; Basciftci, FA
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the stages of calcification of various teeth and skeletal maturity stages among Turkish subjects. The samples were derived from dental panoramic and hand-wrist radiographs of 500 subjects (215 males and 285 females). Calcification of the mandibular canines, first and second premolars, and second and third molars was rated according to the system of Demirjian. To evaluate the stage of skeletal maturation of each hand-wrist radiograph, nine ossification events were determined according to the systems of Bjork, and Grave and Brown. Statistically significant relationships were determined between dental calcification and skeletal maturity stages according to Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients. Correlations between dental development and skeletal maturity ranged from .490 to 0.826 for females and .414 to .706 for males (P < .01). The second molar showed the highest correlation and the third molar showed the lowest correlation for female and male subjects. For both sexes, root formation of the canine as well as the first premolar was completed in the majority of the subjects at the MP3(cap), PP1(cap), R-cap stages. Because of the high correlation coefficients, this study suggests that tooth calcification stages from panoramic radiographs might be clinically useful as a maturity indicator of the pubertal growth period. It is appropriate to put these skeletal and dental maturation relationships into daily orthodontic diagnostic practice, when treating a Turkish patient.
Submentovertex cephalometric norms in Turkish adults
(MOSBY-ELSEVIER, 2005) Uysal, T; Malkoc, S
The aims of this study were (1) to establish cephalometric norms from submentovertex (SMV) radiographs for young Anatolian Turkish adults and (2) to identify possible sex differences between men and women. Methods: SMV cephalograms were taken of 50 nongrowing Turkish adults (25 men, mean age, 23.06 +/- 2.30 years; 25 women, mean age, 22.10 +/- 2.04 years). All had normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Five angular and 10 linear measurements were made on each radiograph. For each variable, arithmetic mean and standard deviation minimum and maximum values were calculated. Independent-sample t tests were performed for the sex comparisons. Cephalometric angular and linear norms for Turkish adults were determined by using the Lew-Tay SMV cephalometric analysis. SMV cephalometric standards for Turkish adults were also developed. Results: Generally, our measurements were similar to the Lew-Tay SMV norms. Most Turkish SMV cephalometric measurements showed statistically significant sex differences. Comparison between Turkish men and women indicated larger measurements for men in all investigated linear measurements. Conclusions: SMV cephalometric norms are useful in the diagnosis of mandibular asymmetries and the treatment of dentofacial orthopedics in Turkish patients.

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