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Exploring mixed reality in architectural design education: A systematic review
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Kıdık, Ayşegül; Asiliskender, Burak
This systematic literature review explores the integration and impact of Mixed Reality (MR) technologies in Architectural Design Studio Education (ADSE). Covering the period from 2019 to 2024, this review consolidates the current role of MR in design education by analysing existing studies. The study aims to evaluate both the positive and negative contributions of MR in ADSE and discuss its future potential in this field. The articles were selected and reviewed according to PRISMA (2020) guidelines (Page M.J.et al.,2021), and findings were analysed from databases including ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus. The review identified articles focusing on the application of MR in ADSE. The research findings indicate that MR technologies significantly enhance experiential learning by providing interactive and immersive environments that allow DEPARCH 176 real-time visualization and manipulation of architectural designs. However, integrating MR into ADSE faces challenges such as high implementation costs and the need for specialized training for instructors. Nevertheless, if these challenges are addressed, MR can offer an alternative reality to ADSE with transformative potential. This paper provides a comprehensive guide for educators, curriculum developers, and students interested in leveraging MR technologies to foster innovative learning environments in ADSE.
Preserving cultural heritage with digital design and NFT Technologies: Innovative approaches in Architectural education
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Özeren, Ömer; Qurraie, Bahar Sultan; Eraslan, Mustafa Haki
This study explores the integration of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) into architectural education to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to thrive in the digital age. By incorporating NFT technology into the curriculum, the study aimed to foster a comprehensive understanding of digital design, intellectual property protection, and the potential of NFTs in preserving and promoting architectural heritage. The research found integrating NFTs empowered students to explore the intersection of art, technology, and commerce within the architectural realm. By transforming their designs into unique digital assets, students developed a deeper appreciation for their work’s commercial potential and the importance of intellectual property protection. The study demonstrated the role of NFTs in fostering networking opportunities, enabling students to connect with a wider audience and potential collaborators. To fully harness the potential of NFTs DEPARCH 161 in architectural education, the study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that addresses ethical, legal, and environmental considerations. Educators must instil in students a strong sense of responsibility regarding the creation and utilization of digital assets, including copyright, licensing, and the environmental impact of blockchain technology. Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration is also crucial for equipping students with the diverse skill set required to navigate the complexities of the digital landscape. By addressing these critical dimensions, architectural education can effectively prepare students to become proficient digital designers and informed participants in the evolving NFT ecosystem. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the role of technology in shaping the future of architecture and preserving cultural heritage.
On representation: The Greek and Roman roots of the idea of character in Architecture
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 05.11.2024) Delledonne, Nicola
The French term caractère (character) was frequently debated during the second half of the eighteenth century and was meant to establish a relationship between the form of a building and the purpose for which it was built. Its importance was twofold: it raised the issue of the intelligibility of architectural forms beyond their beauty, and, as a consequence, it directly maintained that architecture was similar to a language, in poetry or prose, capable of conveying social, civil, and DEPARCH 122 religious meanings. By emphasizing the possible parallels between architecture and literature, this article analyses some ancient texts—by the likes of Aristotle, Theophrastus, Horace, Cicero, and, of course, Vitruvius—that are at the foundation of the notion of character. This “dive into the past” has nothing to do with the will to reestablish the classical style (or classicism); quite differently, it aims to rediscover the philosophical basis of architectural theory, by means of which architecture can hopefully get back to expressing collective meanings. Some final questions connect the ancient theme of character to open contemporary issues.
An analysis of the use of natural stone and marble in contemporary architectural designs
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Yıldırım, Göksu; Erdoğan, Nevnihal
Throughout history, many products have been used as construction materials. One of the oldest of these materials is natural stone. Natural stones can be processable with different techniques and be freely used in any desired place. It has been observed that the use of natural stone in architectural designs has changed compared to the past, with the discovery of new construction materials and techniques. The aim of this study is to make known the situation of natural stones in today's architectural designs by revealing the changes. For this reason, the use of natural stone has been examined through contemporary architectural designs. In the selected designs, what types of natural stones are selected according to their characteristics and design ideas have been examined. Due to the fact that each design has its own characteristics, the application details are specified by looking at the form, function, colour, pattern and texture of the natural DEPARCH 241 stones. The reasons why natural stones continue to be preferred in architectural designs have been determined as a result of the examinations made. Accordingly, it can be ascertained that natural stones are durable, long-lasting, maintenance-free, and can be found in various functions, shapes, colours, patterns and textures according to their conditions. They are also subjected to different processes. In addition, they can be included in different solutions through application details, have wide reserves in our country, are recyclable and sustainable. For this reason, it is clear that natural stones will be the preferred materials in architectural designs in the future.
Regeneration of a historical urban park and its evaluation by the visitors: Gençlik Park Case, Ankara
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Daştan, Esra Peker; Kurtaslan, Banu Öztürk
Urban parks, which should be planned and managed with "economic, ecological, and social DEPARCH 209 sustainability" in mind, benefit citizens' health in terms of these three components. This study assesses the social sustainability of parks using the example of "Gençlik Park". The study was conducted to investigate user perceptions of renovation work carried out after a large urban park, which contributed significantly to the capital city's identity, lost function and meaning and became a deteriorated area. The data were analysed with the SPSS 23 program, and variables were associated using the T-test and ANOVA. The users were questioned under the headings of "accessibility, comfort, appearance and aesthetics, adequacy and appropriateness of the activities in the park, safety" during the renovation work done in the park.
The effect of bedroom wall colours on users’ perceptual performance
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Yıldırım, Kemal; Müezzinoğlu, Menşure Kübra; Şahin, Seda; İnan, Beray
In this study, the effects of colour types (neutral, warm, cool) selected based on single-colour harmony used on the walls of bedrooms, where individuals spend a significant part of their lives, on participants’ perceptual evaluations were examined. Within the scope of the study, virtual bedroom spaces designed according to different colour types were used to investigate how perceptual evaluations of research participants could be influenced. The study formulated hypotheses based on the relationships between bedroom colour type and participant variables such as occupation, gender, and age. To test these hypotheses, participants evaluated virtual bedroom spaces online DEPARCH 189 using Google Forms. Statistical analyses, including confidence tests conducted with SPSS, involved calculating percentage values, means, and standard deviations. Differences among variables were examined comparatively. The findings indicated that spaces utilizing neutral colours were generally perceived more positively compared to those employing warm and cool colours. Moreover, certain groups, namely engineers and other professionals, men, and participants aged 25-35, tended to provide more favourable perceptual evaluations than architects, interior designers, women, and participants aged 36-50. In conclusion, this study contributes to understanding how colour types in bedroom environments can influence perceptual evaluations, shedding light on preferences across various demographic groups.
Museum as object: From postcard to post
(Selcuk University, 05.11.2024) Simpson, Charlotte; Hale, Jonathan; Hanks, Laura
Whether it’s through sharing picture postcards or visitor-produced photographs of museums on social media, these processes of image sharing, often dismissed as trivial, are acts which create and sustain relationships between the visitor, museum, and a wider audience. This paper positions picture souvenirs as significant, performative media, and understands postcards and Instagram posts as comparable social, objective and subjective mediums which reflect museum values and visitor decision-making. Using the British Museum as a case study, this paper analyses postcards and Instagram posts within their networks of production, use, and distribution. Visitor messages are analysed alongside imagery, and grounded theory is used to offer an interpretive understanding of decision making and inherent meaning potential. This approach responds to Haldrup and Larsen’s (2010) call for greater emphasis on ‘photographing’ in studies of tourist media and contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of photography in museum visitor experiences. Photography of the museum transforms 3D spaces into 2D objects, miniaturising the institution, making it mobile, and readying the museum for ‘new’ social uses, and research indicates that DEPARCH 139 whilst the aims of photography differs between museum, commercial publisher, and visitor, the decisions which underpin production are consistent. Through use, a connection is fostered between museum and person, and institutional and personal messages are read congruently. This connection is heightened online with photographs shared in ‘real-time’ alongside narratives which more closely reflect lived experiences. These photo-sharing practices enrich the visitor experience, allow visitors to ‘own’ the museum, and facilitate and support social interaction.
Effective elements and interior typologies in the public space construction of shopping centres
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 06.05.2024) Şahin, Fatih; Çevik, Sonay
Shopping centres, which are urban public spaces, support environments where different groups living in the city can be together and symbolize their power. These environments, which respond differently to today’s sociality and daily life, affect the awareness of publicity and direct the formation of physical architecture and social space. While the urban model setup is used against the problem of large-scale building solution under a single roof/cover in shopping malls, it brings together the urban spaces scattered in the city and gives the human communication/interaction process with entertainment culture. The discourse of being an alternative to the city centre, which brings people together, connects time and space, and intertwines activities that vary, prevails in shopping centre designs. In this study, the differentiated interior plan types of shopping malls in Turkey are extracted in the physical context with the spatial analysis, and the intensity of use and supported objects/elements specific to the focus spaces are determined. In the social context, the spatial continuity of the existing public space phenomenon in the city in the common use areas (foci) of shopping centres is evaluated through subjective perception. Beyond similar architectural examples with the effect of globalization and consumption habits, different interior typologies are shown for the designs of new shopping centres, and the effective elements of publicity fiction are discussed.
Sustainability of Historical Buildings Through Reuse Projects: A Case Study of the Kadıköy District in Istanbul
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 06.05.2024) Kayhan Tunalı, Selma; Güneş, Sinem
This research focuses on the preservation and adaptive reuse of historic structures. It emphasizes the importance of conserving cultural and historical heritage, suggesting that assigning new functions to these buildings contributes to sustainability. The study progresses through successful examples of adaptive reuse of historical buildings acquired by the Kadıköy Municipality, addressing spatial, cultural, and legal dimensions. It underscores the importance of preserving the architectural characteristics, spatial organizations, and surroundings of these buildings when assigning new functions. The research advocates for minimal intervention principles in adaptive reuse projects, ensuring the historical and cultural values of the buildings are considered. Furthermore, it highlights that these projects should not only focus on physical restoration but also faster social and cultural interaction. Adaptive reuse projects in the Kadıköy region have been developed in line with these principles, creating active and functional spaces that respond to community needs. These projects successfully demonstrate how the preservation and active use of historical buildings can contribute to regional and cultural sustainability. Finally, the research addresses the challenges encountered in the preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings in Turkey, discussing legal, economic, and technical issues, and offers suggestions for effective strategies in this field. The aim is to increase awareness and develop efficient strategies for the preservation of Turkey’s historical structures.
Mimetic Teaching Strategy in Design Education: Relationship Between Students’ Learning Style And Creativity
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 06.05.2024) Aybek Özdemir, Dilek; Akalın, Aysu
This research explores the connection between changes in students’ learning styles and the components of creativity in a design studio setting that utilizes mimetic teaching strategies. The study assumes that the change in learning styles is related to the level of creativity exhibited in the design process and final product. The theoretical framework of this study, which focuses on the learning strategy of 13 students taking the second-year architectural design project course in the architecture department throughout the semester, is formed by Rhodes’ 4Ps (Person, Press, Process, and Product). Accordingly, the skill of reasoning (person) by Sloman and Pahl & Beitz (associativevariant / hybrid-adaptable / metaphorical-original); resource utilization in the design process (press) by Casakin, Akalın and Özkan & Akalın (within domains –hybrid- between domains); design process (process) by Rittel (linear/non-linear) and the created product (product) by Gentner and Markman and Welling (application-analogy-combination-abstraction) were analysed based on the theoretical framework. The study found that students who experienced different learning styles throughout the semester utilized a non-linear design process to reach the original design, using metaphorical reasoning. On the other hand, students who used associative reasoning with a linear process struggled to analyse abstract and undefined design problems, resulting in variations of already solved designs. To overcome this, learners should be guided to find examples that promote metaphorical reasoning, activate their connection to the context, and encourage alternative thinking. Encouraging the use of metaphorical reasoning as a tool for creative restructuring and reinterpretation facilitates the development of original and adaptable designs.
Neuro-Urbanism: Measurement of the Street Enclosure and its Influence on Human Physiology Through Wearable Sensors
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 06.05.2024) Görgül, Ercüment; Yıldız Özkan, Dilek
This study explores the neurophysiological impact of visual qualities in Shanghai’s chosen urban spaces, specifically focusing on the perception of street’s visual quality. This metric has been defined by changes in physical space of intersection vs. in street, visibility of the sky, continuity of the wall, and ratio of sections. These variables contribute to the “enclosure rating”, a dimensionless number that can determine the perception of urban street intersectional space by occupants. We measured the changes in average heart rate of 15 participants at the selected intersections using a customized wearable sensor kit. We compared the participants’ heart rate towards the intersectional space and towards street and ask participants to complete a comfort-related post-evaluation. Analysis of the data show that subjects who look at enclosed views of streets experienced a lower heart rate than those who look at intersections.
Architectural Porosity: Reading the Change of Inhabitation in Urban Heritage Area
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, 06.05.2024) Saginatari, Diandra; Hale, Jonathan; Collett, Tim
This paper explores the idea of architectural porosity, which intends to see the material and sociospatial porosity of the built material as a conceptual framework of architectural inquiry that can be utilised to unfold architectural phenomena in different contexts. Therefore, this paper is exploratory, and the exploration intends to unfold architectural phenomena in the context of a revitalised urban heritage area. Urban heritage areas are prone to changes through regeneration or revitalisation projects. The changes result not only in physical change but within the social, economic, and cultural aspects. By addressing the dynamic, complex, and interrelated changes in the urban heritage context, the exploration in this paper is guided by an overarching question: What will architectural porosity unfold in terms of the change of inhabitation in a revitalised urban heritage area? This question will be explored by utilising the idea of assemblage thinking as a qualitative methodological approach to read an empirical case of Semarang Old Town, Indonesia, as a revitalised urban heritage area. The exploration shows that architectural porosity unfolds the relation and entanglement between material and socio-spatial porosities in the change of inhabitation in Semarang Old Town. Furthermore, architectural porosity, as architectural inquiry, could be one of the ways of approaching urban heritage context that unfolds the possibility of incorporating natural ecological cycles of plants, decay, and informal inhabitation, which are usually denied by the conventional revitalisation practice, as alternative voices in the discussion of urban heritage revitalisation.
Place through Time: Investigating Place Identity Language within the Temporal Dimension
(Selcuk University, 2023) Bennett, Chris; Hanks, Laura
After an in-depth discussion on space, place, placelessness and place identity through readings from Heidegger, Norberg-Schulz, Relph and Lynch, the work concentrates on Aldo Rossi’s Pathogenic and Propelling definitions. The paper aims to use these definitions to further understand the symbiotic relationship between place and architecture. This relationship leads to a continuous evolutionary process which develops place identity over time and plays an intrinsic part in architectural design. By transposing language from Rossi’s ‘The Architecture of the City’ and applying it to place identity, the paper enables analysis into the effectiveness of pathogenic, propelling, and evolved place identity approaches. This language is explored further through the use of key case studies, mapping their identity from pathogenic to evolved. The paper concludes that place identity plays a strong role in maintaining the authenticity of place. However, when necessary to maintain relevance in a changing world, architectural identity is required to be transformative and revealing - evolving and propelling alongside people, place, and culture.
An Evaluation Set Proposal on the Interaction of Cinema & Architecture for Improving the Creative and Aesthetic Dimensions in Architectural Art and Education
(Selcuk University, 2023) Erdoğan, Nevnihal; Akarsu, Hikmet Temel
Architect candidates must undergo a qualified aesthetic and cultural education in a professional field such as architecture that outweighs the artistic side. This idea originates from the belief that architectural projects and designs by architects with a profound artistic-cultural education enriched by global culture would enhance aesthetics and liveability. Understanding great works of art is pivotal to reshape societal and architectural aesthetics. The relationship between architecture and cinema starts primarily with the spaces.Thus, exploring the interplay between architecture and cinema within spatial designs is crucial. This article aims to establish an evaluation set uncovering the original architectural and artistic elements in movies that heavily rely on architecture. Our objective is to equip architects, interior designers, urban planners, industrial designers, and landscape architects with the tools to analyze films referencing architectural art and derive insights. The research methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of various films, assessing architectural concepts, design principles, and the architectural perception they convey. Each film’s architectural and cinematic interplay was scrutinized, and the findings were compiled into tables. The components within these assessment tables were meticulously interpreted in relation to architectural concepts, design principles, artistic aesthetics, and architectural perception.By internalizing the films examined in this study, a cultural maturity can be achieved, offering a valuable resource for enhancing the aesthetic, theoretical, and artistic aspects of architectural education. The primary goal is to inspire architects with a deep understanding of these cinematic works, enabling them to approach their profession, events, and projects with a refined, sophisticated, and aesthetic perspective, ultimately contributing to their professional growth. In conclusion, the internalization of the analyzed films can lead to cultural maturity, which, in turn, serves as a valuable resource for enhancing aesthetic, theoretical, and artistic qualities in architectural education.
A Study on Gathering the Opinions of Architecture Students to Enhance User Interaction with Historical Urban Fabric: A Case Study of Tepebağ District in Adana Province
(Selcuk University, 2023) Duru, Ayşe Merve; Sarıkaya, Özlem Şenyiğit
The historical urban fabric is an important part of our cultural heritage, and historical districts are valuable assets that reflect the identity and character of a city. However, over time, what kind of changes, unplanned urbanization, and other factors reduced the authenticity and user interaction of these historical districts. The urban historical fabric, which can be considered as cultural heritage, has the chance to sustain its continuity under the responsibility of various professions, especially the discipline of architecture. Based on this reality, it is inconceivable for an architecture student, who is educated to learn, comprehend, and preserve the historical fabric, to remain indifferent to the cultural heritage of a city. In this context, a study was conducted to gather the opinions of architecture students with the aim of increasing their interaction with the historical urban fabric. The objective was to use the views of responsible architecture students as data in collaboration with stakeholders to improve and enhance the interaction with the historical urban fabric. The study measured the demographic information and awareness of architecture students at Çukurova University regarding the field through a questionnaire. The reasons and frequency of users’ experiences in the area were analysed. Within the scope of the study, participants were presented with sample images from cultural, economic, social, educational, and public open/ semi-open space categories within the historical fabric. Using a 5-point Likert scale, the study aimed to determine the preferred value and rationale of these spaces if they were located in Tepebağ. The results of the survey aimed to increase the interaction of architecture students, aged 18-26 (+), with the significant historical fabric of Tepebağ District in Adana Province. The study aimed to gather their opinions and recommendations regarding the historical fabric and to contribute to initiatives that increase the interaction of young individuals with the historical fabric by sharing the collected data with relevant institutions.
An Analytical Approach to the Traces of Settlement of the City of Sakarya from Antiquity to the Present
(Selcuk University, 2023) Balaban, Ayşe Tuğçe; Kösten, Elif Yeşim
According to the known history of the world, the first communities generally chose natural cave environments on the edges of sea, lake and stream for settlement and spread towards the interior of the land over time. These communities have learned to move to higher elevations in order to be protected from phenomena such as water rises and ground movements in the natural flow of the earth. It is an ironic situation that these natural phenomena that shape the earth are called disasters today. In this context, the aim of the study is to question Sakarya River, which was formed as a result of an earthquake action, and along this river, the settlement decisions of the cultures that established living spaces within the borders of the city of Sakarya by mapping them chronologically from the Paleolithic period to the present day with an analytical approach. Within the scope of the study, the effect of the earthquake phenomenon in the city, from the ancient times to the present, while the settlement decisions are taken, will be discussed and the effect of this information on the current settlement decisions of the city will be questioned. Types of analysis specific to the method developed within the scope of the study are; systematic literature review, epigraphic documents, aerial and archive photographs, maps. While reading the traces of settlement in the historical process, the study makes the structural constructs created by the cultures visible through the icons created within the scope of the study.
Effects of Indoor Plants on Organic Chemicals Released from Furniture and Decoration Element
(Selcuk University, 2023) Yıldırım, Kemal; Karakaya, Ahmet Fatih
Plants have been used for centuries to decorate homes and add a touch of nature to interiors. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, plants have numerous benefits for indoor environments. Research has shown that plants can purify the air, improve indoor air quality and have psychological and physiological benefits. In this research, it aims to figure out the extent of knowing the effects of indoor plants on organic chemicals emitted from furniture and decoration elements. For this purpose, 225 randomly selected people participated in the prepared research questionnaire. According to the results of the survey, it was determined that the 18-25 age group participants and the participants with postgraduate education had a higher level of knowledge about the effects of plants on indoor pollutants compared to the participants in the other age and education groups. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between the evaluations of male and female participants regarding the effects of plants on indoor pollutants. When these results are examined in general, it is seen that the participants do not have enough information about the effects of indoor plants on the organic chemicals emitted from the furniture and decoration elements. As a result, it has been revealed that users should be informed about the effects of indoor plants on organic chemicals and awareness should be raised on this issue. And it has been reported that increasing the level of knowledge on this subject can provide significant contributions to human health.
Conservation as a Driving Force for the Sustainability of Yeşilburç Village Cultural Heritage Values
(Selçuk Üniversitesi, Kasım 2023) Durukan, İpek
Historical environments and cultural assets, which are important components of these environments, carry values that are transferred from generation to generation and provide a link between the past and the present. Today, globalization and urbanization, which pose a significant threat to this invaluable heritage, also threaten rural settlements, where place-specific values are relatively better preserved than in urban centers. The protection of the heritage values of historical environments as a whole and the importance of protection have also been revealed by international treaties. This article focuses on Yeşilburç Village in Niğde Province, one of the villages built by Greeks migrating to Greece and later inhabited by Muslims migrating from Greece, following the forced migration agreement signed between the Turkish and Greek governments in 1924. Yeşilburç historical settlement was declared an urban conservation area in 2019, and a conservation plan is under construction in line with the current legal regulations in Turkey. In this study, it is claimed that the conservation works are a driving force and opportunity for the sustainability of the settlement, and the importance of the documentation studies carried out within the scope of the planning studies is emphasized. The data presented in this study is based on fieldwork and archival research conducted during the conservation planning process and assesses the challenges encountered in the process, the existing and potential values of the site, and the threats and opportunities that may hinder conservation. The key and triggering role of conservation and its potential resource quality is indispensable in maintaining the original values of the Yeşilburç settlement, which has a rich historical past, and new research will strengthen this situation.
Formaldehyde Emission in Different Positions of Wood-Based Boards Used in Interior Architecture
(Selcuk University, 2022) Yıldırım, Kemal; Çınar, Hamza; Erdem, Haldun Ender
This research focuses on determining the effects on the formaldehyde emission (FE) of the middle and edge parts of two different wood-based boards (WBBs) consisting of medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB), which are widely used in interior architecture. Samples with the thicknesses of 18 mm were analyzed for FE at a temperature of 20 °C and 65% relative moisture content for 1, 2 and 3 hours after manufacture. In the PB samples, the highest value of FE (0.4119 ppm) was determined in the samples obtained from the center while the lowest emission value (0.0875) was observed in the samples obtained from the edge. In the MDF samples, the highest value of FE (0.3012 ppm) was determined in the samples from the center while the lowest emission value (0.1807 ppm) was observed in the samples from the edge. The PBs have a higher environmental impact (0.2497 ppm) than the MDFs (0.2454 ppm). For distances to minimum values (0.10 ppm), while the furthest value for the central samples of PB was 311%, the closest value for the edge samples of PB was -12.5%.
Works of Art in the Turkish Grain Board (TMO) General Directorate Building
(Selcuk University, 2022) Özyıldıran, Güler
Turkish Grain Board (TMO) General Directorate Building was designed by Vedat Özsan, Cengiz Bektaş and Oral Vural (Özsan-Bektaş-Vural Architects) in 1964 and constructed between 1964 and 1968 in Ankara. One of the significant aspects of the building is the involvement of works of art. One percent of the building cost was allocated to the works of art. Moreover, the architects get inspired by some artists during the building design. Such kind of art and architecture synthesis was common in modern architecture between 1950 and 1980 both in Turkey and in the world. However, this aspect of the TMO building is not known enough in the literature. The aim of this study is to analyze the works of art in TMO General Directorate building in terms of art and architecture synthesis. The research method was mainly based on the analysis of the building on site and the evaluations of existing artworks with the literature about art and architecture synthesis, individual writings of architect Cengiz Bektaş and some artists (Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Burhan Alkar etc.). These works of art vary from wall ceramic to stained glass, and after 1988, a monumental sculpture was added to the building via competition. Moreover, after this sculptor competition, TMO established a plastic arts application center in 1989.

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