Süt sığırlarında süt üre nitrojeni ve diğer süt bileşenlerini kullanarak rasyonun etkinliğini değerlendirme konusunda bir saha çalışması
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Tarih
2015-05-07
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Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Araştırma, Balıkesir İli Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri birliğine üye olan 4 adet süt sığır işletmesinde toplam 2905 sağmal hayvandan alınan aylık bireysel süt örnekleri, süt, döl verim kayıtları ile rasyon analizleri 2013 yılı Eylül ayı ile 2014 yılı Mayıs ayları arasında 8 aylık dönemde incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, süt bileşenlerini kullanarak işletmelerde kullanılan rasyonun etkinliğinin ve hayvanların üreme performansı ve metabolik durumlarının kontrolü amacıyla toplam 697.200 veri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre laktasyonda geçen gün sayısının, araştırılan parametrelerden süt verimi, süt protein yüzdesi, süt üre konsantrasyonu, test günü süt protein verimi, süt yağ/süt protein oranı ile süt somatik hücre sayısına etkisi (P<0.01), süt kuru maddesi ve süt yağ/süt laktoz oranına etkisi (p<0.05) önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırmada laktasyon sırasının etkisi değerlendirilen parametreler için istatistiksel açıdan önemli (P>0.01) bulunmamıştır. Rasyon, incelenen parametrelerden süt verimi, süt yağ yüzdesi, süt laktoz yüzdesi, süt yağ/süt protein oranını P<0.01 seviyesinde ve süt üre konsantrasyonunu p<0.05 seviyesinde etkilemiştir. Literatürde yer alan çalışmalara göre ineklerin sağlık durumu ile ilgili kabul edilmiş olan süt yağ/süt protein oranı sınır değerleri, 1.2'den küçük değerler için asidozis riski, 1.2-1.4 arasındaki değerler sağlıklı ve 1.4' den büyük değerler ketozis riski gösteren inekler olarak tahmin edilmektedir. Araştırmada 4 işletmede gözlemlenen toplam 2788 hayvana ait süt yağ/süt protein oranı değerleri kullanılarak erken laktasyon döneminde toplam 531 inekten %48'inin asidozis, %37'sinin ketozis riski taşıdığı, %15'inin sağlıklı olduğu, orta laktasyon döneminde toplam 1279 inekten %45'inin asidozis, %28'inin ketozis riski taşıdığı, %27'sinin sağlıklı olduğu ve geç laktasyon döneminde toplam 978 inekten %68'inin asidozis, %14'ünün ketozis riski taşıdığı ve %18'inin sağlıklı olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Dengeli rasyon oranları için literatürde taranmış olan çalışmalara göre süt üre seviyeleri 10 mg/dL'den küçük değerler için rasyon protein veya enerji seviyesi düşük, 10-16 mg/dL arasında rasyon dengede ve 16 mg/dL'den büyük değerler için rasyon protein veya enerji seviyesinin yüksek olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Araştırma bulgularına göre 4 işletmede gözlemlenen toplam 2476 hayvana ait süt üre konsantrasyonları kullanılarak rasyon protein/enerji dengesi tahmin edilmiştir. Erken laktasyon döneminde toplam 596 ineğin tükettiği rasyonun %42'sinin protein ya da enerji seviyesi düşük, %2'sinin protein ya da enerji seviyesi yüksek, %56'sının rasyonunun dengede olduğu, orta laktasyon döneminde toplam 883 ineğin %50'sinin protein ya da enerji seviyesi düşük, %7'sinin protein ya da enerji seviyesi yüksek, %43'ünün rasyonunun dengede olduğu ve geç laktasyon döneminde toplam 997 ineğin %10'nun protein ya da enerji seviyesi düşük, %49'unun protein ya da enerji seviyesi yüksek ve %41'inin rasyonunun dengede olduğu tahmin edilmiştir.
The present study was conducted on the basis of the data comprising monthly individual milk samples, milk and reproductive performance records and diet analyses of a total number of 2905 dairy cows in the four dairy cow farms registered to the Cattle Breeders' Association of Balıkesir for a period of 8 months, between the dates of September 2013 and May 2014. In this study, 697.200 data were evaluated in total, with the aim of controlling the efficiency of the diet, reproductive performance and the metabolic situation of the cows by utilizing milk constituents. In the light of the findings of the study, the impact of days in milk on the parameters investigated such as milk yield, milk protein percentage, milk urea concentration, test day milk protein yield, milk fat/milk protein ratio and somatic cell count of milk were found to be significant at P<0.01 level, whereas its impact on the milk dry matter and milk fat/milk lactose ratio was found to be significant at P<0.05 level. The impact of the lactation number was not found to be statistically significant in terms of the parameters evaluated in the study. The results of the current study denote that milk yield, milk fat ratio, milk lactose ratio, and milk fat/milk protein ratio were found to be affected by diet at a significance level of P<0.01, while the impact of diet on milk urea concentration was found to be significant at p<0,05 level. According to the studies in the literature, the milk fat/ milk protein levels that are generally acknowledged to be the criteria for cows' health are as follows; cattle which have milk fat/ milk protein levels between 1.2 and 1.4 are assumed to be healthy, while those which have milk fat/ milk protein levels below 1.2 are assumed to be at a risk of acidosis, and finally those which have milk fat/ milk protein levels over 1.4 are acknowledged to have a ketosis risk. In the light of the results of the present study, in terms of the milk fat/milk protein ratio values of the total 2788 animals attained from four farms, 15% of the 531 cows are assumed healthy, 48% with acidosis risk and 37% with ketosis risk for the early lactation period; 27 % of the 1279 cows are assumed healthy, 45% with acidosis risk and 28% with ketosis risk for the mid-lactation period; and 18% of the 978 cows are assumed healthy, 68% with acidosis risk and 14% with ketosis risk for the late lactation period. According to the studies reviewed in the literature, the milk urea levels that are generally acknowledged to be criteria for balanced-diet values are as follows; the milk urea values changing between 10-16 mg/dL are generally acknowledged to indicate a balanced-diet value, while the milk urea values below 10 mg/dL indicate protein or energy deficiency in the diet, and finally the milk urea values over 16 mg/dL are acknowledged to indicate a high protein or energy level for the diet. Based on the results of the current study, the protein/energy ratio of the diet was estimated by taking the milk urea concentrations of the total 2476 animals investigated on the four farms. It is estimated that 42% of the diet consumed by 596 cows during the early lactation period lacks in protein or energy, 2% of it has a high protein or energy level, and 56% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level, while 50% of the diet consumed by 883 cows during the mid-lactation period lacks in protein or energy, 7% of it has high protein level or energy, and 43% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level, and finally 10% of the diet consumed by 997 cows during the late lactation period is assumed to be lacking in protein or energy, 49% of it has a high protein or energy level, and 41% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level.
The present study was conducted on the basis of the data comprising monthly individual milk samples, milk and reproductive performance records and diet analyses of a total number of 2905 dairy cows in the four dairy cow farms registered to the Cattle Breeders' Association of Balıkesir for a period of 8 months, between the dates of September 2013 and May 2014. In this study, 697.200 data were evaluated in total, with the aim of controlling the efficiency of the diet, reproductive performance and the metabolic situation of the cows by utilizing milk constituents. In the light of the findings of the study, the impact of days in milk on the parameters investigated such as milk yield, milk protein percentage, milk urea concentration, test day milk protein yield, milk fat/milk protein ratio and somatic cell count of milk were found to be significant at P<0.01 level, whereas its impact on the milk dry matter and milk fat/milk lactose ratio was found to be significant at P<0.05 level. The impact of the lactation number was not found to be statistically significant in terms of the parameters evaluated in the study. The results of the current study denote that milk yield, milk fat ratio, milk lactose ratio, and milk fat/milk protein ratio were found to be affected by diet at a significance level of P<0.01, while the impact of diet on milk urea concentration was found to be significant at p<0,05 level. According to the studies in the literature, the milk fat/ milk protein levels that are generally acknowledged to be the criteria for cows' health are as follows; cattle which have milk fat/ milk protein levels between 1.2 and 1.4 are assumed to be healthy, while those which have milk fat/ milk protein levels below 1.2 are assumed to be at a risk of acidosis, and finally those which have milk fat/ milk protein levels over 1.4 are acknowledged to have a ketosis risk. In the light of the results of the present study, in terms of the milk fat/milk protein ratio values of the total 2788 animals attained from four farms, 15% of the 531 cows are assumed healthy, 48% with acidosis risk and 37% with ketosis risk for the early lactation period; 27 % of the 1279 cows are assumed healthy, 45% with acidosis risk and 28% with ketosis risk for the mid-lactation period; and 18% of the 978 cows are assumed healthy, 68% with acidosis risk and 14% with ketosis risk for the late lactation period. According to the studies reviewed in the literature, the milk urea levels that are generally acknowledged to be criteria for balanced-diet values are as follows; the milk urea values changing between 10-16 mg/dL are generally acknowledged to indicate a balanced-diet value, while the milk urea values below 10 mg/dL indicate protein or energy deficiency in the diet, and finally the milk urea values over 16 mg/dL are acknowledged to indicate a high protein or energy level for the diet. Based on the results of the current study, the protein/energy ratio of the diet was estimated by taking the milk urea concentrations of the total 2476 animals investigated on the four farms. It is estimated that 42% of the diet consumed by 596 cows during the early lactation period lacks in protein or energy, 2% of it has a high protein or energy level, and 56% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level, while 50% of the diet consumed by 883 cows during the mid-lactation period lacks in protein or energy, 7% of it has high protein level or energy, and 43% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level, and finally 10% of the diet consumed by 997 cows during the late lactation period is assumed to be lacking in protein or energy, 49% of it has a high protein or energy level, and 41% of the diet is assumed to be at a balanced diet level.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Laktasyon, Lactation, Süt sığırları, Dairy cattles, Süt verimi, Milk yield
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Koçbeker, V. (2015). Süt sığırlarında süt üre nitrojeni ve diğer süt bileşenlerini kullanarak rasyonun etkinliğini değerlendirme konusunda bir saha çalışması. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmış doktora tezi, Konya.
